While the SPX has enjoyed a banner year in 2024, a series of risk events have mattered, including the August 5th spike in the VIX and option pricing uncertainty into the US election. Credit spreads have generally behaved in benign fashion, however. What will 2025 bring for the world of credit and what risks should we pay attention to? With this in mind, it was a pleasure to welcome Dominique Toublan to the Alpha Exchange. Now the Head of Credit Strategy at Barclays, Dom landed landed on a credit derivatives desk in 2007. With a deep background in physics, Dom quickly saw that while derivative products may utilize some of the complex equations that underpin the physical sciences, markets are prone to episodes of disorder with unpredictable outcomes.Our conversation first considers the behavior of macro credit products in the period before and after US Election. Here, Dom shares that the same vol premium observed in equity options was visible in both credit spreads and credit implied vol as well. In the aftermath of the Election, Dom sees strong, ongoing demand for US spread product with a global buyer base looking less at whether spreads are wide or tight but for all-in yield, pointing to Taiwan life insurance companies for example. In evaluating the risk premium of credit spreads, Dom argues that while valuations are a bit tight, ongoing inflows should continue to support the market. Acknowledging there are some macro headwinds, he doesn’t see them as strong enough to be disruptive.Lastly, we talk about the progress made in gaining credit exposure through a systematic, factor-based approach. Dom sees this as an exciting time of product development, calling it the equitification of credit. With considerably more data now available and with the advent of credit ETFs, the market has embraced portfolio trading, greatly facilitating risk transfer. Along with this, the credit market is incorporating the principles of factor exposure, long a part of the equity market.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Dominque Toublan.

We are back, with installment number 2 of “20 Things to Do Before You Ask for a Price”. It’s a to-do list for the equity derivatives salestrader who chooses to be a relevant and constructive part of the option risk transfer process that a buy-side client and sell-side trader engage in. Small trades – like buying a pack of gum – can be consummated quickly. Large trades – like buying a house – typically take a while. But large trades that are borne in a moment’s notice – that’s a unique thing with unique risks. Things 6 through 10 are about quarterbacking trades to completion in the context of being short information asymmetry.  I hope you enjoy and find this useful.6. Is the order outright or delta neutral?  This dictates speed of response needed to the client. There’s more time on delta neutral orders.7. Check option market depth. Evaluate the screen market using OMON function.  How wide are the screen markets?  Is the option better bid or offered? 8. Check volume. Use the OMST function to see option volume in the name and that line today.  Check open interest in that line to see if the trade is opening or closing.9. What is the option delta?  What is the share delta?  What is share delta as % stock volume?  Note that low delta options can be challenging to sell from a risk standpoint and that high delta options can be difficult from a stock liquidity standpoint.10. Check earnings. When does the stock report?  Does this option order comprise a report date or other important release of company information?  Run the ERN function to look at historical impact of earnings announcements.  

I wanted to welcome you all to a new, 4-part series of the Alpha Exchange, “Twenty Things to Do Before You Ask for a Price”.  In short, this is my thinking on what a derivatives salesperson ought to do instinctively and nearly instantaneously in his or her interaction with a trader colleague being asked to price option risk for a client. These 20 things constitute a real time to do list for the salesperson that adds alpha to the process of price discovery and can allow the trader to take more risk by mitigating certain kinds of risks.  In this short podcast, I share the first 5.  I hope you enjoy and find this useful. Know the client.  Who is the client, what is desk relationship and what are the client’s expectations? This starting point is a critical component of quarterbacking the price discovery and execution process. Every client is unique. Know the risk environment.  Is vol better to buy or are clients dumping options? What is the backdrop for the commitment of capital around the street? This is critical to managing expectations. What motivates the specific trade?  Is the client likely buying or selling vol?  Is he/she opening, closing or rolling? What is the stock?  How well does the stock trade?  Is there news out in the stock? Buy yourself time.  If it is an off-the-run name with a ticker you have never heard of, let the client subtly know you have never heard of it (nor should you have).  This provides a bit more time for the trader.

A resounding Trump win. A collapse in vol. Bitcoin “number go up”. And up. And up. The French Whale on Polymarket got paid. A star was born in Scott Jennings. The Fed eased. And, Powell, in the words of DiCaprio in Wolf of Wall Street said, “I ain’t f’n leaving”.  That’s the summary. But there’s lots more to explore and in this short pod I aim to provide you with some food for thought on the risk front. Markets have been well behaved and the VIX spiraled lower as most expected it would on November 6th. Still, there are plenty of risks on the horizon and we ought to recognize what volatility is all about. It’s how the market processes change. And it’s pretty difficult to argue that we have not just experienced profound change in the leadership and governing philosophy of the United States. Taxes and tariffs, regulation and immigration, foreign policy and Fed policy. I finish the discussion with a recommendation to stay quite long, but also spend a little premium on a put spread overlay. It feels like a small price to pay for sleep at night insurance. I hope you find this interesting and useful.  Be well.

Of all the concepts focused on throughout the discussions hosted on the Alpha Exchange, the notion of “carry” is one of my favorites. In its most basic definition, carry measures the income or cost to holding an asset in the steady state, when nothing changes. Underpinning the assessment of value in any option trade or strategy is a view on the favorability of carry at a given point in time. Can I own options for free or at least at meaningful discounts to their value? Mr. Market makes this very unlikely.  Can I be especially well compensated for being short optionality? These are challenging questions, worthy of careful study. And in this context, it was a pleasure to welcome Shailesh Gupta, the Head of Structural Alpha at Simplify Asset Management to the podcast. Our conversation explores areas of carry in the market, why they exist, how they can be harvested and what can go wrong in the process. Shailesh shares his views on the pricing of interest rate volatility, where the vol risk premium has been especially high and how that fits into product design at his firm’s ETF platform. We talk also about risk – including the crowding episode in VIX products in 2017 leading into the XIV event of 2018. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Shailesh Gupta.

It was a pleasure to host a discussion with Meb Faber, the Founder and CEO of Cambria Asset Management. Our conversation begins with the question of whether it’s a good idea to buy the market at an all time high. To this, Meb argues it’s actually a great idea, pointing to the data and that markets in an uptrend continue to move higher.We incorporate the notion of a trend following strategy, which Meb illustrates can be helpful in managing the inevitable and substantial drawdown which forces many investors out of the market and destroys the value of compounding in the process. No strategy is perfect, and trend following can underperform during sideways, choppy markets. But it has proven important to cut off the deep left tail with reasonable success. We also explore the work Meb has done on shareholder yield, a strategy that he’s passionate about and argues works particularly well in foreign and emerging markets.Lastly, we talk about that a vastly under-appreciated aspect of return generation in investing: taxes. The team at Cambria is doing some interesting work on this front, utilizing a feature of the code that helps investors diversify risk in a tax efficient manner. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Meb Faber.

Is Trump in the price? Wall Street is asking this question. In this podcast, I walk through how the market prices implied volatility around the US Election, focusing on the SPX, TLT and even DJT. As option premiums are much higher than justified by recent realized, there’s an enormous vol risk premium, the result of a withdrawal of vol supply. There’s interesting information coming from betting sites like Polymarket and early voting data as well that might help us better understand the election probabilities and the implications for how the market prices options. Lastly, I consider the relatively rare co-existence of a high VIX but low SPX implied correlation and what that means. I hope you enjoy this discussion and welcome your feedback. Have a great week.

In this short podcast, I make the case for doing what doesn’t come naturally - taking defensive action when times are good. The first portion of the discussion assesses event risk premium into and after consequential macro events like Brexit and prior US elections. The main shared attribute is that implied vol remains elevated into the event, even in the face of muted realized volatility. A second attribute is that post event, implied vol falls. While the same playbook may be relevant in 2024, I argue that overlaying market-based insurance via SPX put spreads out to year end is compelling given the pricing and unique set of forward-looking uncertainties coming our way and the reality that liquidity conditions can change very quickly. I hope you find this podcast interesting and useful.

In China, the “vol shot” heard round the world occurred recently with the Chinese government throwing the kitchen sink at the economy and market, seeking to revive the relatively lifeless patient. As it usually does, at least temporarily, it worked. Insofar as asset price reaction that is.  An explosion in volumes ensued as did the classic “stock up vol up” dynamic made most famous in 2021 during the Meme stock episode. In this short pod, I review the five characteristics of price/vol spirals, their implications and how these unique episodes resolve themselves. I also cover US Election risk and how its impacting the VIX. I hope you enjoy and find this useful.

Option prices - by incorporating time (expiry) and distance (strike) - give us many more dimensions than a mere flat price like the SPX or a single stock. If the stock market speaks, then the option market sings. It's my strong contention that option prices are singing out loud right now, begging for attention. The market was largely unchanged on the week, but there were some meaningful developments in the price of options – on gold, on crude and on the VIX – that tell us something about an emerging discomfort and perhaps a view that stock prices at all-time highs do not have much margin of safety in this environment. What I highlight in this podcast is that hedging costs can be a function of the market's ability to provide the capital to absorb loss. The Election and a very unsettling geopolitical backdrop make this more challenging.  I hope you find this helpful.

The gamma and theta characteristics of ODTE are attached at the hip. But the zero day to expiration straddle on last Wednesday’s Fed day was no normal ODTE. We might call this straddle a OTTD straddle. Zero theta to decision. The Fed decision isn’t just a date on the calendar. It’s a specific time of day on that date. It’s not like NFP which comes out before the market opens. It’s not like NVDA earnings, which come out after the close. Powell and his Fed teammates have decided they want to give us the goods during the trading day and on Fed days, “Ain't nothing going on but the rent” becomes “Ain't nothing going on pre-event.”  I discuss the unique behavior of intraday option pricing on FOMC day and also how to think about the VIX floor as the US election comes into closer view.  I hope you enjoy and find this useful.

Most of the discussions on the Alpha Exchange podcast consist of guests sharing views on market risk and portfolio construction. To be sure that leads the conversations down the path of monetary policy, positioning, inflation and growth. There’s a great deal of consideration around the price of optionality and the correlation of assets. But what about insights on the nitty gritty of getting into option trades, being a liquidity provider to the Street and then risk managing those positions?  Enter, Kris Abdelmessih, who spent well more than a decade doing just that. Now the author of the Moontower Substack and the founder of Moontower.ai, Kris looks back at his time on the market making front, starting with his formative experience in the renowned Susquehanna training program and ultimately trading volatility at Parallax. We talk about how he sought micro-edge by maintaining sell-side relationships, getting into positions as cleanly as possible and then having a dispassionate process for unwinding trades for which the vol profile was no longer suitable to own. We also gain his insights on perils of trading off-the-run ETFs like those on natural gas and crude oil, with the April 2020 meltdown in the latter, an important case study. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Kris Abdelmessih.

“Elections have consequences”. So said former US President Barack Obama. He probably didn’t have our trusty fear gauge, the VIX, in mind, but he may as well have.  We are one day away from the US presidential debate. I am not sure this one can deliver the same fireworks that resulted from June 27th. It may devolve into a food fight, with each side hoping to land a definitive blow. What I’ve learned about election risk with regard to derivatives through events like Brexit, the 2016 and 2020 US elections and certainly this one as well is that the clearing price for volatility is impacted by a decline in the willingness and ability to supply it to the market. The result, a VIX stuck at a reasonably high level. I hope you find this discussion enjoyable and useful.

Three hundred odd years ago, Sir Isaac Newton told us that “no great discovery was ever made without a bold guess.” My sense is he didn’t have the order book in Emini futures in mind, but his words do translate well to our world of financial instruments. In this short pod, I revisit the events of August 5th, a day when prices normally well discovered went dark. The implications are real and we ought to learn from this short-lived but real episode of instability. As we approach the “4 E’s” – employment, earnings, the election and the easing cycle – there’s a good deal to consider with respect to playing defense in markets.  I hope you find this interesting and useful.

Now the Chief Market Strategist at StoneX, Kathryn Rooney Vera comes from humble beginnings. As a teenager she cleaned houses in order to contribute to her family’s finances. In college, she changed her major to finance from liberal arts, seeing a more direct path to a well-compensated career. She would ultimately settle into the study of economics, a craft she continues to refine today in support of colleagues and clients at StoneX.Our discussion surveys the process Kathyrn uses to find value in markets. She focuses on forecasting growth and inflation, the Fed’s response to these variables and the construction of trades that will capitalize on them. We review some of the recent cross-asset volatility and the role that positioning played. Kathryn rightly suggested that clients utilize protective option strategies in the period prior to August 5th.She has also seen value in curve steepeners, embedding a little bit of the Sahm Rule notion that the Fed may find itself behind the curve. Lastly, she sees a favorable setup in the utilities sector, providing both the traditional defensive property through its linkage to rates as well as embedding an AI play that can empower it should the boom continue.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Kathryn Rooney Vera.

When an accident occurs, the insurance claims adjuster produces a report.  What does said report tell us?  The yen’s largely one way path lower took a dramatic turn that saw it rally by roughly 9% over just 3 weeks. The pricing fallout was everywhere – in curves, credit, correlation, convexity and carry. That’s a bunch of C’s, isn’t it. The cause of chaos: crowding. When markets misbehave, it’s natural to jointly evaluate two factors: the combination of “new news” and the “setup” going in. Over the course of this short podcast, I share some thoughts on this recent risk flare-up and what it tells us about market fragility.  I hope you find it interesting and useful.

Vineer Bhansali was recently among a small group of athletes who achieved the unthinkable, a 135 mile run in scorching heat, wind gusts and rain, all while traversing both the lowest and highest elevation points in North America. The Badwater 135 is considered the most difficult Ultra Marathon, an undertaking in which a guiding philosophy is, simply, “don’t die”.As the CIO of LongTail Alpha, Vineer’s investment philosophy is also not to die – or, translated to markets – don’t get forced out at the wrong time. And in this context, he makes substantial use of derivatives, instruments that protect against the extreme events that markets all too often confront. Our conversation is a review of the August 5th risk event, exploring its causes and consequences. Unsurprisingly, Vineer sees the overconsumption of the Yen carry trade as a primary catalyst and he details the many ways in which printed, essentially free Yen made their way into risk assets of all shapes and sizes. He details how his firm navigated the flare-up, looking to trade VIX at incredibly elevated levels before the open.With a view that the market price of insurance has come back to Earth too fast and with concerns that the recent risk-off may just be an appetizer for a larger unwind to come, Vineer argues that embracing insurance strategies is an important part of a long-term strategic portfolio plan.  I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Vineer Bhansali.

Even if very short-lived, market vol episodes as protracted as that of Monday August 5th, demand our attention. In seeking some understanding of the why of successive 10% NKY moves and a 65 pre-open handle on the VIX, it was a pleasure to welcome Oliver Brennan to the Alpha Exchange. An FX vol strategist at BNP, Oliver brings theoretical training in physics to the related but also very different world of option pricing. In setting up the discussion, we first explore a series of past FX vol episodes including the Euro-Swiss break and CNH re-peg in 2015 and Brexit from the following year.  At the heart of these events lie economic imbalances and Central Banks that get tested by the market to hold the line.We shift to a discussion of the setup going into early August in the Japanese Yen. Always an investment currency because of its balance of payment profile, Oliver argues that carry trades had gotten especially extended as dollar/yen trended so consistently higher. Market participants were long calls and long carry, and the dealing community was especially exposed to an increase in both realized and implied vol. He notes the absence of corporate supply as well of Yen vol in this recent event, something that exacerbated the repricing. With the tails especially under-owned, the more than 6% sell-off in dollar/yen caught the market well off-sides.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Oliver Brennan. 

What a week in markets and one that should give us a lot to chew on with respect to how and why risk episodes materialize. There are certainly some conclusions at the ready and first and foremost is that vol is the only anti-fragile asset. In the trading action on Monday, August 5th, we see the reflexive nature of vol exposures and the manner in which asymmetric outcomes can result. In this short podcast, I share some of what’s on my mind in trying to uncover the “why” of these seismic moves. Out of this, you’ll hear some of my thoughts on product innovation and market liquidity structure. I hope you find it useful.

With deep roots on the sell-side, serving in strategist roles at both Miller Tabak and BTIG, Dan Greenhaus is now Chief Strategist at Solus Asset Managment, a multi-billion dollar AuM firm with expertise in distressed and high yield investing.  Our conversation considers economics in theory and practice, differentiating classic academic training from the role someone like Dan plays on a trading desk supporting clients, portfolio managers and an investment process.Here, Dan shares the importance of understanding what’s in the price and details his efforts to evaluate consensus by talking to other strategists around the Street to understand baseline expectation. This is some part of what he describes as his role as blindside tackle at Solus, working to identify areas of macro uncertainty that may be under-appreciated.We talk about the current state of the economy and the stance of Fed policy. On the latter, Dan argues that while the impact of tighter policy on slowing has been much less rapid than anticipated, it has worked. And while he’s successfully faded the repeated calls that the consumer was going to crack over the past two years, he now sees signs worth paying close attention to. He points to simple measures like weekly jobless claims and also puts stock in Visa’s recent earnings call in which weakness was cited across multiple spending categories.Dan’s study of prior Fed easing cycles suggests that rate cuts have typically come too late to offset broad-based economic weakness. Will this time be different?  Perhaps, given the strength of both household balance sheets and fiscal spending. But, as with everything in the realm of markets and investing, Dan properly asserts that we must approach forecasts with humility.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Dan Greenhaus.

With early career roots in both equity derivatives and relative value fixed income, Lisa O’Connor is now the Co-CIO of Multi-Strategy Assets and Solutions at BlackRock. Here she oversees her team’s development and delivery of a long only, systematic asset allocation process on behalf of the firm’s clients.Our discussion first considers some of the lessons Lisa has derived from market risk cycles. In reflecting on vol episodes, she asserts that markets become very focused on relative value during times of crisis. That is, in higher risk environments, there’s much greater differentiation across risk categories, as investors evaluate which assets can truly be defensive or at least weather the storm.We talk next about the model portfolio process and the mix of quantitative and fundamental factors that drive the asset allocation decisions. In contemplating the role of duration as a portfolio ballast, Lisa is concerned about risk premia in the back-end of the curve as a function of fiscal deficits. Instead, she sees value in diversifiers like gold, especially as China is increasing its holdings.  We also spend time on AI and the challenges of being too little or too heavily invested. In looking for evidence that the roaring capex cycle may have peaked, she is following emerging signs of spending discipline from hyper-scalers and tracking the reported ROIs from investment out 18 months.Lastly, we talk about the Fed easing cycle and its potentially positive implications for the market pricing of equities with more balance sheet leverage.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Lisa O’Connor.

“Walking on a tightrope” is an idiom that conjures the notion of danger – of exceptionally little margin of safety and of particularly significantconsequences should things not go as planned. Markets feel this way - asset prices are full, Sharpe ratios high, correlations low, political polarization intensifying. In this discussion, we review the recent role of correlation in breaking the more than 500 day streak over which the S&P 500 failed to move down by 2% in one day. We also talk about out the highly unusual VIX curve, with some portions of it in contango and others in backwardation.Hope you enjoy it and find it useful.

If smoothing returns is the feature not bug of private equity and credit, what strategy fully embraces the virtue of honest mark to market risk?  What strategy highlights price shocks and the resulting level at which a portfolio could be unwound in a hurry as the basis of thinking about its efficacy?  In this short podcast, I make the case that exposure to vol – to the anti-fragile - is going to be a part of this strategy. That is, long exposure to options-based insurance.I hope you enjoy and find this useful. As always, I appreciate your feedback.

A Wall Street economist who served institutional clients at both Lehman Brothers and Bank of America, Michelle Meyer, transitioned to Mastercard two and a half years ago, now serving as the firm’s Chief Economist and Head of the Mastercard Economics Institute. I had the opportunity to catch up with Michelle back in May and while much has of course happened in the world since, there are some valuable insights shared in our discussion.We first survey the similarities and differences in her new role at Mastercard versus the traditional sell-side economics role in which she served. Here, she says that in terms of process, markets were formerly the output but are now more of an input that informs her thinking on longer horizon economic trends and their implications. The audience, of course, is different as well, and hedge funds eager for insights on the most recent econ data release are not the priority they once were.We spend the bulk of our conversation on the vast and rich data set of transactions being generated by Mastercard in real time and around the globe. Michelle and team harness this anonymized data to better understand consumer trends – in travel, in good versus services, across geographies, even across zip codes. On this last part, we talk about two “hyper-local” surges in demand captured by the data – the Swift Lift coming from Taylor Swift concerts and the increased demand along the April solar eclipse line of totality. Really fascinating data. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my discussion with Michelle Meyer.

It’s been 25 years since Mark Cuban implemented an exceedingly well-timed and attractively priced hedge on shares of Yahoo.  In this short podcast, we review the popular “zero cost collar” trade and discuss the factors that impact its pricing. Cuban is known for playing offense in investing, buying the Mavs and making deals on the Tank. But his defensive trade on Yahoo years ago has been critical in his wealth accumulation. We bring in Jensen Huang, the owner of a few shares of NVDA, and make the case that he ought to consider this risk reducing collar transaction. I hope you find the discussion informative.  Feedback is welcome.

There’s been some decent ink spilled recently on the “dispersion trade” which has profited from the epically low level of realized correlation among stocks. If winning trades attract capital and erode the margin of safety in the process, is this exposure crowded and vulnerable to an unwind?  In this short pod, I lay out a 5-part, informal framework for thinking about risk-off episodes. In the process, we consider the pricing of vol and correlation. While the spill-over risk from dispersion trades gone wrong doesn’t appear to be high, the pricing of index volatility that results from never seen before levels of implied correlation offers a uniquely attractive cost of macro insurance.I hope you enjoy and find this useful.

Earning a Ph.D. in financial economics is no small feat. And not only did Garrett DeSimone do just that, but he would unknowingly embark on his future career in the process of doing so. His dissertation from the University of Delaware involved the study of event risk premia in single stocks ahead of earnings. And to perform the analysis he engaged with OptionMetrics, a firm specializing in implied volatility data. Now the Head of Quantitative Research there, Garrett leads the firm’s efforts to deliver carefully constructed data sets to its client base, while generating original empirical studies of option pricing and trading strategies. Our discussion considers some of his work, starting with his dissertation and the finding that the earnings event risk premium for single stocks makes straddles punitive to own. We liken this to a more recent phenomenon at the index level – the inflated one-day S&P 500 implied vol levels that have occurred in days before 3 macro events – the CPI, the Nonfarm payrolls report and FOMC meetings. We talk as well about one day options and the risk of a blowup. At least at this point, Garret sees flows that are reasonably mixed, with no obvious risk of instability resulting from positioning. Lastly, we discuss recent work he’s done on implied dividends using a novel approach. Relative to years earlier, he finds that there is currently very little risk premium implied in dividends. That is, the market is charging almost nothing for bearing the risk that dividends wind up disappointing on the downside. It’s interesting work and a good example of the rich information that can be extracted from derivatives markets. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Garrett DeSimone.

The study of correlation is valuable, informative and, likely an over-indulged in activity on Wall Street. That said, there are important risk considerations when it comes to how significantly assets move together or do not. The task at hand in this short podcast is to illustrate and contemplate the diverging paths of two important correlations: that between the stock market and bond market and second, between equities themselves. If the stock market is diversifying itself in real-time, there are reasons to think it cannot last indefinitely.  I hope you enjoy.

With option prices in the doldrums, your host provides some thoughts on why and in the process reflects on the skinny levels of risk premia a decade ago. I finish with some cautionary observations around what might go wrong. I hope you enjoy this short pod!

It was a pleasure to welcome Raghuram Rajan back to the Alpha Exchange. Raghu is currently a distinguished professor at the Chicago Booth School of Business and is the former head of the Reserve Bank of India. With a deep understanding of the intersection of markets, the economy and policymaking, he is among the most important voices on Central Banking.With this in mind, our discussion explores his recent book “Monetary Policy and Its Unintended Consequences”, the title alone of which is entirely through provoking. Raghu shares his assessment of the tendency for policy towards increasing asymmetry – where the Fed acts as a lender of last resort during a crisis but finds itself unable to achieve normalization during non-stress periods. We talk as well about the distortions that result from forward guidance and asset purchase programs during non-emergency periods.Lastly, we talk about policy spill-overs, specifically the impact that the Fed’s actions can have on emerging economies. As head of the RBI a decade ago and as India experienced the impact of Bernanke’s 2013 taper tantrum, Raghu has much to say on this subset of unintended consequences. He argues that the Fed’s remit will continue to target domestic growth and inflation, consideration of the international impact of policy decisions should conceivably be a part of the policymaking conversation.The second half of our discussion focused on Raghu’s most recent book, “Breaking the Mold”, in which he reviews the progress and challenges in India. Here, he documents the diverging paths of India and China and makes recommendations for how India can learn from what China has done while recognizing both the constraints and opportunities associated with today’s global economy. He argues that India is uniquely positioned to provide high value-added services in a digital and remote work economy.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Raghuram Rajan.

Corporate Fraud is an unfortunate, costly and seemingly never-ending aspect of the world of business. In the best case, fraud is prevented or, at least caught before harm is done. All too often, however, these cases of deception lead to large financial losses, impacting the lives of many - shareholders, individuals and certainly those that are courageous whistleblowers.A little more than 15 years after the unwind of the Madoff Ponzi scheme, I invited Harry Markopolos back to the Alpha Exchange. Harry is often simply referred to as “the Man Who Knew”. He chased Madoff for years, serving up a comprehensive slew of evidence to the SEC that was mind boggling in its degree of logic, rigor and scope. Our conversation looks back on the lessons of this Ponzi scheme and also zooms out to consider other examples of corporate fraud including Theranos and FTX. Throughout our discussion I seek to gather Harry’s insights on the commonalities in these cases, how to detect them and also, importantly, how to prevent fraud. He points to a few areas of progress on the enforcement front but makes a strong case that the penalties associated with being caught need to be considerably larger.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Harry Markopolos.

It was a pleasure to welcome Kris Kumar, CIO of Goose Hollow Capital, to the Alpha Exchange. Our conversation starts with Fed policy and the manner in which the 500bps of policy tightening is impacting the economy. To this, Kris argues that the propitious starting position for households and corporates in this cycle has been quite different than in previous ones, thus blunting the impact of rate hikes. He points as well to loose fiscal policy with the unemployment rate so low. For Kris, what happens next depends more on fiscal than monetary side.We next consider the backdrop for valuations, starting with fixed income. Kris sees safety that comes from a coupon on 2’s that approaches 5%, noting that there are positive real yields generally in most of the world.  From an earnings yield perspective, however, US equities have zero premium to bond yields and Kris points to the concentration of earnings growth coming from the top of the SPX, which, in turn, is a bet on generative AI.  Should this growth not materialize, the lofty multiples currently awarded these stocks could be re-rated.Within equities, Kris makes the argument that we’ve invested a lot in bits but not in atoms and, going forward, investment dollars may move away from tech into areas associated with energy demand. How else to satisfy all of the incremental power to run all of the data centers built?We finish the discussion with an assessment of the price of vol. Kris points to the epically low implied correlation on the SPX, a result of the bifurcated market in which a small but valuable subset of the index is a bet on AI. He sees scope for the still elevated level of rate vol to come down but upside in vol on commodities like copper as a function of all the spending on infrastructure that will ultimately come as a function of the AI boom.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Kris Kumar.

The “rule of 72” tells us that a good approximation for the time it takes to double your money can be arrived at by taking 72 and dividing by the interest rate that capital can compound by on an annual basis. Implicit in the calculation is that the initial stack is left untouched and is not vulnerable to a drawdown. In this context, it was great to welcome Jerry Peters, the Managing Partner of Smithbrook to the Alpha Exchange. Providing a risk-managed equity solution to its high net worth clients, Jerry and team are focused on managing downside risk, utilizing an option overlay strategy to mitigate some of the invevitable swoons in equity prices.Our conversation walks through how index put options – when acquired at the right price – can create gains that help offset portfolio losses during times of stress. Acknowledging that the long term expected value of buying insurance ought to be negative, Jerry walks through how a protective strategy can interact with long risk exposure to create long term return enhancement. Here, he points to how gains from insurance during sell-offs can underpin the “rebalancing bonus”, where capital is moved from winning to losing assets on a systematic basis. We also talk about some of the subtle aspects of financial asset taxation and efforts to maximize not just the pre-tax but also the after-tax return of investment decisions. Jerry walks through some straightforward tax loss harvesting strategies that can add meaningfully to investment outcomes on an after-tax basis.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Jerry Peters.

After a 13-year career at CSFB where she would ultimately head the firm’s equity derivative strategy effort, in 2023 Mandy Xu moved to the CBOE where she’s now Head of Derivatives Market Intelligence and swimming in interesting, complex data sets. Our conversation surveys product innovation, going back to the first option trade ever on the CBOE, call options on July 1973 Xerox, through today’s vastly electronified ecosystem of trading in cross-asset risk exposures.We briefly review the unbelievable short squeeze in GME from 2021, and here Mandy asserts that today’s exposures are considerably more balanced than the Meme episode in which the retail stampede engorged on call option premium. Our discussion moves to the present-day backdrop for option pricing and the potential impact of mechanical flows resulting from vol being bought and sold in the market.Noting the substantial increase in AuM for overwriting and option income generating funds in both the mutual fund and ETF complex, Mandy is skeptical that this growth is solely responsible for the low clearing price of measures like the VIX and put skew. Instead, she points to low risk readings in other asset classes, including credit implied vol, as more likely driven by stable macro fundamentals.We spend the remainder of the conversation on the much debated topic of ODTE and whether there’s an accident waiting to happen. In Mandy’s role at the CBOE, she sees option flow data with great granularity and in the ultra-short-dated category, she sees considerable balance in use cases across hedgers, income generators and intraday traders. The result is a healthy mix of buyers and sellers and, at least for now, a low risk of Volmaggedon 2.0. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Mandy Xu.

Kieran Goodwin’s roots go back to the early days of both distressed debt investing and the credit default swap market, two classes of risk he has seen experience significant change over the last 25 years. Our conversation gets underway by exploring the notion of alpha decay in the distressed market, a diminishing opportunity set that has resulted from smarter capital entering the space, equipped with an understanding of the often complicated process around bankruptcy and reorganization. Kieran frames out the option characteristics of distressed investing in an interesting way, suggesting that the short or long profile of the exposure is about whether time is on your side or not while also arguing that it is arming yourself with a margin of safety in price that creates this runway, leaving the trade with more long vol attributes.Distressed investing today, in Kieran’s view, is an adult swim only business, rife with creditor-on-creditor violence and requiring a large balance sheet to be in the room as indentures are changed or portions of a capital structure are being primed. We spend the remaining part of the discussion on the CLO business and the potential for a credit-widening cycle. Kieran describes the CLO machinery as a captive buyer base for loans that has served effectively as a quasi-index product that has facilitated market growth. While noting that the product has indeed been effective over the years, he points to concentration risk that can lead to a rapid rise in correlations and spreads. He also points to at least some early signs of an uptick in defaults.Lastly, we touch on the electronification of credit trading and the factorization of credit exposure that technology has increasingly enabled. Involved as an investor in some of the initiatives to facilitate electronic trading, Kieran sees further growth here, accompanied by more continuous trading and price discovery.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Kieran Goodwin.

In Lori Calvasina's role as Head of US Equity Strategy at RBC Capital Markets, assessing the interaction between macro variables like rates with top-down factors like the equity market multiple is critical. But important as well is an evaluation of markets from the bottoms up. And here, she not only seeks to pull together the views of colleagues doing strategy work in sector verticals, but also to actually read earning transcripts during reporting season to get a sense of what companies are saying. Her broad assessment of the outlook for corporate America is generally optimistic as she sees companies having come out of multiple stress exercises - trade wars, the Covid shock, and the inflation and monetary policy response in the Pandemic's aftermath among them - with a stronger defensive plan. Companies are harnessing technology and managing costs more effectively, leaving them less likely to be forced to reduce headcount. The result is a consumer holding up quite well.Our discussion touches on the Mag7 and how today's top-heavy portion of the market is similar and different to the highfliers of the tech bubble. For Lori, the valuation premium for names like NVDA and other mega cap tech stocks is justified by the premium of earnings growth they've been able to consistently deliver. We explore the impact of higher rates on the market's multiple and the relative performance of sectors as rates rise or fall. She likes energy, both for its high dividend yield, its strong relative performance as rates rise and the potential for a geopolitical tailwind. On this last front, asked about the market risks that she worries about, it is uncertainty on the global political front along with the US election. She also cites sentiment that may be too bullish and positioning that appears stretched. Lastly, we touch on Lori's recent recognition as one of Barron's Top 100 Most Influential Women in US Finance. Asked about industry efforts to empower female careers in finance, she's optimistic, arguing that it's critical to have not just a mentor but a sponsor as well to push you to the next level.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Lori Calvasina.

George Orwell once said that writing a book is a “horrible, exhausting experience…that one would never undertake if one were not driven by some demon whom one can neither resist nor understand”.  Ok then. Let’s all agree that writing a book is a heavy lift. Let’s also agree that the personal finance advice industry is littered with gurus making outlandish statements about profit opportunities and often giving unsound advice on wealth management.With these in mind, it was a pleasure to welcome Jared Dillan back to the Alpha Exchange. Jared is the Founder and Editor of the Daily Dirtnap and the author of a recent book, “No Worries: How to Live a Stress-free Financial Life”. While many of the podcast discussions are in the weeds on high finance topics like monetary policy, hedging and correlation, my conversation with Jared emphasizes the basics: how to get the big decisions right and, in the process, enjoy more peace of mind. The foundations of our discussion are debt and risk, the two main sources of financial stress, in Jared’s view. On the debt side, he emphasizes three critical transactions, the house, the car and student loans.On the risk side, he advocates for the “awesome” portfolio, a blend of stocks, bonds, gold, real estate and cash. While not returning what stocks have historically, this combination has considerably smaller realized drawdowns. Overall, Jared’s book is easy to consume with plenty of nuggets accessible to the non-Wall Street types.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Jared Dillian.

Our final segment of 25 Sayings on Vol and Risk is upon us, and with it, 5 fresh pithy principles that I often turn to in trying to make sense of this chaotic sport we call markets. Along the way, in typing out these more than 20,000 words over the series, I’m probably out more than 50 dollars in espresso inspired drinks from Starbucks lead by the dirty chai latte and the caramel machiatto. But I’ve learned some stuff and had some fun and I hope you have as well.Sayings 21 through 25 are… “When I see a bubble forming, I rush in to buy.” (George Soros) “Vol is the only anti-fragile asset.” “When financial markets implode, convexity can be found lurking at the scene.” (Harley Bassman) “The correlation of vol and the vol of correlation are not your friend.” “Vol has memory, vol mean reverts.” Hope you Enjoy!

The task at hand is simple….make further progress on our 25 Sayings on Vol and Risk. I’ve certainly had some fun with the first 15. Somehow, in the context of this exploration of market risk philosophy, I’ve managed to quote both former President Ronald Reagan and Seinfeld hack comedian Kenny Bannia, summoned the wisdom of Wolf of Wall Street’s Mark Hannah and referenced both Morgan Stanley’s James Gorman and Optionseller.com’s James Cormier.  My promise remains to get you in and out in under 30 minutes, less time than an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm.Sayings 16 through 20 are… “The money money makes, makes more money.” (Ben Franklin) “ROMO is the risk of missing out.” “Risk-on and risk-off are curious cousins.” “Accident-free finance promotes the selling of accident insurance.” “Price is the only fundamental.”  (Someone)

Our journey to 25 Sayings on Vol and Risk continues, folks…and as UFC’s Bruce Buffer is known to emphatically tells us…”It’s TIME!”… for our third segment…sayings 11-15. We’ve got some good ones ahead of us and, as always, I aim to share some of my thinking on markets, overlay a dose of history and pop culture and, perhaps, give you a chuckle in the process.  We’ll be in and out in under 30 minutes, i.e., shorter than a Powell presser, a five-block cab ride from the east side to west side, and no doubt less time it takes Windows to update the drivers on your PC. Sayings 11 through 15 are… 1. “If history is a foreign country, the history of risk is another planet.”2. “By definition, there’s a winner to every back-test.”3. “Price is a liar.”4. “Volatility is an instrument of truth.”5. “It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you in trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so.”

Hello! You’ve reached part 2 of our 5 part series “25 Sayings on Vol and Risk”. Over the first half hour episode, we kicked off with the first 5. Over these 30 minutes, we shall explore sayings 6 through 10. The task at hand is to make headway on our sayings, and, hopefully, entertain you a bit in the process. My goal, share some of what I’ve written down on the back of napkins over the years to help me tie together what I’ve observed and experienced in markets. Through these aphorisms as one might call them, I’m hoping to give you some stuff to chew on and expand your thinking on matters of risk.Here are our second five: “The next crisis to occur is the one that happened longest ago” “There are no bad securities, only bad correlations” “Equities are short the straddle on rates” “In markets, it’s move fast and things break” “Greenspan was right, sort of”

Efforts to understand the “why” of the motion in asset prices consume our time and attention in markets. To be sure, traditional sources of risk – namely the economy, the path of corporate profits and changes in the interest rate cycle – do matter. But, as Matt King argues, especially since 2012, we increasingly need to monitor what’s happening in the financial plumbing where Treasury and Central Bank driven fund flows can be responsible for powerful liquidity dynamics. Serving sometimes as a headwind and at others a tailwind, flows like QE as well as changes in the TGA and Reverse Repo facilities influence the manner in which investors interact with risk assets. After a nearly two decade stint at Citi, Matt recently founded Satori Insights, an independent firm helping institutional investors navigate today’s uneven and complicated waters of risk. A main aspect of our conversation is his take on the resilience of the US consumer and broader economy in 2023, set against one of the fastest tightening cycles on record and the Fed’s QT program. Matt’s work suggests that tying favorable asset price results in 2023 to this resilience leaves out a critical point. He states that while the Fed’s balance sheet was nominally reduced by roughly a trillion last year, markets wound up enjoying a trillion in new liquidity. His framework, tying a trillion dollar increase in reserves to roughly a 10% increase in the equity market, helps explain the dislocation between asset price performance like tighter credit spreads and traditional fundamentals like defaults. Through the lens of liquidity that Matt utilizes, the risk asset outlook for 2024 is less favorable. He cautions that the Fed may have done more on the hiking front than they should have, underestimated the impact of their balance sheet policies on asset prices. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Matt King.

I wanted to share with you some of my thoughts about the current state of market risk as this new year is now sufficiently underway. A number of years ago, I created a list that I call “25 Sayings on Vol and Risk”.  In the spirt of 7 minute abs and 12 holiday recipes, I think lists are an easy way to connect concepts. Twenty five is a lot to get through, so we are going to simply divide them into 5, creating a series of half hour episodes. I do hope I can keep your attention and, again, make a positive contribution to how you think about markets over 30 minutes.  Here are our first five:“Big Moves Matter Most”“Theta is the Rent on Gamma, and the Rent is Often Too Damn High”“Hedge When You Can, Not When You Have To”“Stock Returns, Like Politics, Are Not Normal”“Financial Market Insurance is Not Like Hurricane Insurance” Hope you Enjoy!

Danny Dayan has spent more than 2 decades in markets, developing a top-down process that seeks to find opportunity in derivatives markets. In his search for value in option trades, he marries a study of the macro landscape – including the economic backdrop, the evolution of inflation and the Central Bank reaction function to incoming data – with expertise in understanding how to implement and risk manage a derivatives portfolio. With experience across the major asset classes, but a long history in rate derivatives markets, Danny shares his perspective on the fascinating world of pricing in the US Government bond market and the giant options complex built around it. We start by reviewing the launch of the hedge fund he founded, DWD Partners, in late 2020, a time of epically low rates and skinny option prices. We walk through key developments, including the expiration of the Fed SLR in 2021 that ultimately played a role in the implosion of SVB and an explosion of the MOVE index, which nearly reached 200 in March of 2023. We spend the bulk of the discussion on how Danny sizes up present-day prices and risks. Here, he sees the market priced for substantially more cuts than will materialize. In this context he outlines options trade to do in short-dated rates that both generate and require option premium. We talk as well about the back-end of the yield curve and the explosion of government debt. Here, he argues that the term premium for taking duration risk is insufficient. Lastly, he advocates for FX option trades, highlighting the potential that both the Euro and Canadian dollar decline as their respective Central Banks ease policy at a faster rate than currently anticipated relative to the Fed. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Danny Dayan.

It was once said that we are “the sum total of our experiences”. In the world of investing, this rings especially true. For Nancy Tengler, the CIO of Laffer Tengler Investments, a career in money management that has spanned more than 3 decades has presented real world challenges and opportunities that have reinforced a philosophy on risk. First, she shares that her interest in money came from not having any of it, pushing her to first focus on savings and then on investing that savings. She’s also come to believe that the biggest risk is not taking enough of it, a notion is a thread throughout our discussion. This idea dates all the way back to the crash of ’87, a harrowing episode during which Nancy was forced to look past the shocking volatility and argue that clients should put fresh money to work as part of a longer-horizon plan. We talk about the stratospheric valuations of tech stocks in the late 1990’s and she contrasts that period with today’s the more reasonably valued market leadership. In the present, she sees a secular tailwind coming from developments in cloud computing and in generative AI that will benefit not just the tech companies that create these innovations, but the older economy stocks like Walmart that deploy them as productivity enhancement tools. Next, we discuss the balance between the macro and the micro within her process. While being highly macro aware and concerned about top-down factors like US government debt, Nancy’s process emphasizes a study of business fundamentals along with a strong focus on evaluating the strength of management teams. Lastly, we talk about the women in finance movement and the work that Nancy is doing to promote financial literacy for females, including her book, “The Women’s Guide to Successful Investing”. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Nancy Tengler.

Welcome back, as we review some of the themes and insights that have been prominent over the first 5 years of the podcast. In Part II, we discuss inflation, stock-bond correlation as well as trend strategies. We finish with a not so optimistic take on the growth of US government debt and the strains emerging on the risk-bearing capacity of the Treasury market. The late Doris Day once said that “gratitude is riches”. I am full of gratitude for having the opportunity to host the Alpha Exchange. I sincerely thank both our guests and listeners for the ongoing support. 2023 has been a year of significant growth for the podcast and I hope that 2024 will bring more of the same. Wishing you an excellent end to this year and a relaxing holiday.

Welcome to Part I of a special, retrospective podcast, looking back on 5 years of the Alpha Exchange. It’s been a joy hosting these conversations with experts.  I’ve had an opportunity to solicit their insights and bring to life the lens through which they evaluate risk and reward. In Part I, I highlight some of what guests have shared with respect to how risks materialize, with attention to the exposures that sometimes are forcibly unwound when assumptions about the state of the world change. We also touch on geopolitical risks, those that originate from elections, wars and even Tweets. I hope these perspectives shared deepen your own thought process on risk management.

Tony Morris, Global Head of Quantitative Strategies at Nomura International, has spent 25 plus years studying complex market pricing relationships across asset classes, with a focus on derivatives. Our conversation explores some of the factors that drive asset price outcomes, first, considering the vol risk premium. Observing the consistent shortfall of realized versus implied vol in the equity market, Tony details a similar circumstance in credit where realized defaults are lower than implied by spreads. He suggests that the existence of both the equity VRP and the credit risk premium are tied to fact that both have beta to the SPX, which in turn enjoys its own risk premium.Our conversation shifts to the work that Tony and his team are doing within the larger Quantitative Investment Strategies, or QIS, business at Nomura. We touch briefly on the history of QIS, a business motivated by end user interest in systematic strategies that require substantial market access, modelling and operational infrastructure. At its core, QIS enables the outsourcing of these critical components to a dealer who can package complex exposures into a neatly delivered contract.We talk broadly about the set of products that comprise the taxonomy of QIS. Here, Tony cautions that in constructing a portfolio, it’s important to carefully consider the way in which strategies interact, with attention to hidden co-movement.  We spend the last part of our discussion on long-dated swaption straddles on long dated US rates, a topic Tony and team have done a deep dive on. Their work suggests that an overlay of 20y20y – that is 20 year swaptions on 20 year swaps – has very favorable correlation, carry and convexity characteristics. Along the way in sharing the results, Tony debunks a few commonly held assertions around the factors driving the returns.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Tony Morris.