Learning about the civil war can be difficult for someone new to the game, especially when it comes to military terminology. While many have casual familiarity with such terms as “regiment”, “brigade”, “division” and “corps”, they often use them interchangeably, seemingly choosing whichever word sounds “cool” to them in the moment, or, to give the novice a little more credit than that, simply confusing them because they are new terms to him or her. But these terms are not interchangeable, as cool as they may sound, and they have very specific meanings. These meanings vary from war to war and between nations, but we’re not concerned with those meanings. For our purposes here, the definitions of these terms will focus on the American Civil War-era military usage. This upload is designed to be one of many companion uploads to the main episodes of Addressing Gettysburg. This, is the Gettysburg Glossary.    A few things to note before moving on are that, when discussing numbers of soldiers, there are two types of figures given here: the “on paper” figures, meaning what the respective unit sizes should be if recruited and mustered into service at full strength, and the average numbers as they were at Gettysburg. So, when listening to episode 1, Antietam to Chancellorsville, for example, a brigade’s stated numerical strength would be somewhere in between the “on paper” numbers and the Gettysburg average. Disease, including infection, was the number one cause of death during the Civil War. These diseases were contracted in various ways. Some were a result of behavior, many more were a result of camp life, and others were the result of medical treatments.     Now a word about the Gettysburg average: All one needs to do is read two books on the battle of Gettysburg to find that no one truly agrees on the actual number of men involved. Throughout the fifteen and a half decades since the battle, scholars of the battle have looked at the numbers in an effort to come closer to a more realistic figure of totals. Some historians have the numbers at 95000 Union soldiers against 75000 Confederate soldiers. Some say 80000 to 60000. The minutiae of exactly how many each army had isn’t as important as recognizing that most historians seem to agree that there’s a difference of about 15000-20000 in favor of the Union. Also, it would be a mistake to assume that the Union victory at Gettysburg was mainly due to its outnumbering the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. If that were the case, the North would have won the war long before April of 1865. So when it comes to the numbers we use in Addressing Gettysburg, they are used more for illustrative purposes than actuarial figures. When our sources are conflicting with each other on these figures, we yield to the numbers used by the National Park Service of each battlefield we discuss, or the American Battlefield Trust. The terms discussed in this upload can be found, along with a multitude of others, on the American Battlefield trust’s website. We extrapolate on many of these definitions.    And now, the Gettysburg Glossary. Military Units    Company: A group of 50 to 100 soldiers led by a captain. 10 companies = 1 regiment. Smaller units within a company are platoons which are made up of squads.       Regiment- the building blocks of the army were regiments. On paper, each regiment, was comprised of ten companies of 100 men. Those companies would be recruited in a town or several nearby towns and sent to their respective state capitals to be trained and mustered into service as part of a regiment. Regiments would be numbered in order of appearance, for the most part, for example, the First Pennsylvania Volunteer infantry, the second pennsylvania volunteer infantry, etc. This was also done for cavalry units with the word “cavalry” replacing the word “infantry”. So, there would be a first pennsylvania volunteer infantry and a first pennsylvania volunteer cavalry. They were men who answered the call for volunteers at the outbreak of the war and fell under the volunteer service. Regiments who were part of the Federal service, or “regular army”, would be numbered as the First United States cavalry or infantry and so on.  As the war pressed on, these numbers diminished so that, by Gettysburg, the average size of a Union regiment was around 350 men and a Confederate regiment being slightly larger. This was not a reflection of the populations in the north and south, but, rather, a reflection of the method of integrating raw recruits into the army. Northern recruits were placed into new regiments while southern recruits were mingled into veteran units. A regiment was officially led by a field officer at the rank of colonel. When a colonel was absent due to sickness, wounding, death or being placed in command of the brigade to which the regiment belonged, lower ranking officers such as lieutenant colonels, majors and even captains moved up to command the regiment. Multiple regiments would be organized into brigades.   Brigade- a brigade was typically three to five, sometimes six, regiments. On paper, its strength should be 3000 to 5000 men. But, by Gettysburg, the average Union brigade might number around 1000 to around 1500 men, while its confederate counterpart might be slightly larger. One noteworthy brigade was the Irish Brigade. At the battle of Fredericksburg in December, 1862, the brigade numbered around 1200 men and sustained about 45% casualties. In the interim months, they would sustain some more at Chancellorsville (though not nearly as many), and would suffer the typical losses from sickness and disease. All of these factors combined to whittle their numbers down to just over 500 men by the time of the battle of Gettysburg in July, 1863.   Division- Once a brigade was formed, it was assigned to a division. In the Union army at Gettysburg, a division typically had between two and four brigades. In the Confederate army at Gettysburg, a division had between 3 and 5 brigades, with Pickett’s Division being an example of one with three brigades, while Rodes’ Division is one example of a division with five brigades. Union divisions were numbered and their respective corps badges would be either red, white or blue, indicating first division, second division or third division, respectively, although commonly, and in this podcast, we will refer to these divisions by the commanders’ names. Confederate divisions were named for their commanders. This could lead to some confusion when the commander for which the division is named is out of action. At Gettysburg, for example, when Pettigrew rose to command Heth’s Division after Heth was wounded on the first day, it was still known as Heth’s Division, but for simplicity's sake, Addressing Gettysburg will make note of the change in commanders and refer to it as Pettigrew’s Division when discussing its participation in the July 3rd assault on the Union center, popularly known as “Pickett’s Charge”.   Corps- A very large group of soldiers led by a major general in the Union Army or a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army. Union Corps were designated by a Roman numeral while Confederate corps were also numbered, but often called by the name of their commanding general (as in Longstreet’s Corps). Two or more divisions make up a corps. At Gettysburg, the average Union Corps numbered somewhere around 10,000 men, with the Sixth Corps coming in slightly larger with between 14,000 and 16,000, depending on your source. Confederate Corps will be about double the size of its Union counterpart.    Army: The largest organizational group of soldiers, made up of one or more corps. There were 16 Union armies (named after rivers, such as the Army of the Potomac) and 23 Confederate armies (named after states or regions, such as the Army of Northern Virginia). At Gettysburg, only the Union Army of the Potomac and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia would be present.   Infantry- that branch of the army in which soldiers traveled by foot. Infantry was the main fighting force of the army. It was called on to take positions or hold positions.   Cavalry- that branch of the army in which soldiers traveled by horse. Cavalry’s role was to gather intelligence, screen the movements of the main body of the army, guard the rear of the army, supplies, prisoners, wagon trains. It might help the listener to think of cavalry as, essentially, scouts. This is because the absence of JEB Stuart’s cavalry will play into many of the decisions Robert E Lee made during the three-day battle.    Artillery- that branch of the army that organized, dispersed and operated cannon, rifled guns and mortars of the field, siege and naval classes. Artillery at Gettysburg was of the field artillery classification.At the start of the war, the U.S. Army had 2,283 guns on hand, but only about 10% of these were field artillery pieces. By the end of the war, the army had 3,325 guns, of which 53% were field pieces. The army reported as "supplied to the army during the war" the following quantities: 7,892 guns, 6,335,295 artillery projectiles, 2,862,177 rounds of fixed artillery ammunition, 45,258 tons of lead metal, and 13,320 tons of gunpowder.   OTHER TERMS USED IN ADDRESSING GETTYSBURG   Aide-de-Camp: A soldier who was appointed by an officer to be his confidential assistant.  The aide wrote and delivered orders and held a position of responsibility which required him to know troop positions and where officer quarters were located.  The aide-de-camp was an officer by virtue of his position and he took orders from his commander only.   Battery: The basic unit of soldiers in an artillery regiment; similar to a company in an infantry regiment. Batteries included 6 cannon (with the horses, ammunition, and equipment needed to move and fire them), 155 men, a captain, 30 other officers, 2 buglers, 52 drivers, and 70 cannoneers. As the War dragged on, very few batteries fought at full strength. A battery can also be the position on a battlefield where cannon are located.    Bivouac:  (pronounced BIH-voo-ack) Temporary soldier encampment in which soldiers were provided no shelter other than what could be assembled quickly, such as branches; sleeping in the open.    Border States: The states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri. Although these states did not officially join the Confederacy, many of their citizens supported the South.   Breastworks:  Barriers which were about breast-high and protected soldiers from enemy fire.   Breech-loading: Rifle-muskets that could be loaded at the breech (in the middle between the barrel and the stock) instead of from the end (by shoving gunpowder and a ball down the barrel) were called breech-loading guns   Campaign: A series of military operations that form a distinct phase of the War   Canister: Canister shot was the deadliest type of ammunition, consisting of a thin metal container loaded with layers of lead or iron balls packed in sawdust. Upon exiting the muzzle, the container disintegrated, and the balls fanned out as the equivalent of a shotgun blast. The effective range of canister was only 400 yards (370 m), but within that range dozens of enemy infantrymen could be mowed down. Even more devastating was "double canister", generally used only in dire circumstances at extremely close range, where two containers of balls were fired simultaneously.   Carbine: [car-been] A breech-loading, single-shot, rifle-barreled gun primarily used by cavalry troops. A carbine's barrel is several inches shorter than a regular rifle-musket.   Case (or shrapnel) Case (or "spherical case" for smoothbores) were antipersonnel projectiles carrying a smaller burst charge than shell, but designed to be more effective against exposed troops. While shell produced only a few large fragments, case was loaded with lead or iron balls and was designed to burst above and before the enemy line, showering down many more small but destructive projectiles on the enemy. The effect was analogous to a weaker version of canister. With case the lethality of the balls and fragments came from the velocity of the projectile itself – the small burst charge only fragmented the case and dispersed the shrapnel. The spherical case used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 78 balls. The name shrapnel derives from its inventor, Henry Shrapnel. The primary limitations to case's effectiveness came in judging the range, setting the fuse accordingly, and the reliability and variability of the fuse itself   Caisson The caisson was also a two-wheeled carriage. It carried two ammunition chests and a spare wheel. A fully loaded limber and caisson combination weighed 3,811 pounds (1728.6 kg). The limbers, caissons, and gun carriages were all constructed of oak. Each ammunition chest typically carried about 500 pounds (226.8 kg) of ammunition or supplies. In addition to these vehicles, there were also battery supply wagons and portable forges that were used to service the guns.     Charge: To rush towards the enemy. “A charge” can refer to the act of rushing the enemy’s lines by cavalry or infantry, but also the amount of gunpowder loaded into a firearm in order to send the projectile out of the gun’s barrel.    Courier:  A soldier who served the officers of his regiment by carrying messages.   Defeat in Detail:  Defeating a military force unit by unit.  This occurred when units were unable to support one another, often because of distance.   Dysentery: Intestinal disease causing severe diarrhea.  Dysentery was a leading cause of deaths by disease.   Entrenchments: Long cuts (trenches) dug out of the earth with the dirt piled up into a mound in front; used for defense.   Earthwork: A field fortification (such as a trench or a mound) made of earth. Earthworks were used to protect troops during battles or sieges, to protect artillery batteries, and to slow an advancing enemy.   Flank:  Used as a noun, a “flank” is the end (or side) of a military position, also called a “wing”.  An unprotected flank is “in the air”, while a protected flank is a “refused flank”.  Used as a verb, “to flank” is to move around and gain the side of an enemy position, avoiding a frontal assault.   Garrison: A group of soldiers stationed at a military post.   Grapeshot- Grapeshot, by the time of Gettysburg, was relegated to a term used interchangeably with canister. While similar to canister, grapeshot originated in Naval use for firing into an enemy ship at close range in order to cut the rigging and sails and clear the decks of personnel. While grapeshot was used for a period of time in the field, canister had come to replace grapeshot’s use on land in the American Civil war. The period Ordnance and Gunnery work states that grape was excluded from "field and mountain services.   Hardtack: Hardtack is a term used to describe the hard crackers often issued to soldiers of both sides during the Civil War.  These crackers consisted of nothing more than flour, water, and salt. They were simple and inexpensive to make in very large quantities.  However, these crackers became almost rock solid once they went stale.    Haversack:  Small canvas bag, about one foot square, used to carry a soldier's food.  Typically, these bags were painted with black tar to make them waterproof.    Howitzer:  A cannon which fired hollow projectiles and was generally lighter and shorter than its solid-shot cousins.  A howitzer's projectiles had a smaller powder charge. Also, canister projectiles contained more small balls than other types of canister.  Howitzers were useful in defending fortifications and causing disorder within a fortification by an attacking force   Interior Lines:  A military strategy which holds that the fastest, most efficient maneuvers, transportation and communication are conducted within an enclosed geographic area as opposed to outside the geographic area.   Kepi:   Cap worn by Civil War soldiers; more prevalent among Union soldiers.   Limber:  A two-wheeled cart that carried one ammunition chest for an artillery piece. The artillery piece could be attached to the limber, which would allow both to be pulled by a team of horses.  Also verb: The practice of attaching a piece of artillery to the limber that holds its ammunition.    Militia: Troops, like the National Guard, who are only called out to defend the land in an emergency.   Muster: To formally enroll in the army or to call roll.   Muzzle-loading: Muzzle-loading muskets or rifle muskets had to be loaded from the end by putting the gunpowder and the bullet or ball down the barrel. The vast majority of small arms and artillery used at Gettysburg were muzzle-loading weapons   Napoleon Gun:  Another name for the Model 1857 gun howitzer.  This lighter, more maneuverable field artillery piece fired 12 pound projectiles and was very popular with both Federal and Confederate armies   Napoleonic Tactics: The tactics used by Napoleon Bonaparte that were studied by military men and cadets at West Point before the Civil War. His tactics were brilliant for the technology of warfare at the time he was fighting. However, by the Civil War, weapons had longer ranges and were more accurate than they had been in Napoleon’s day.   Ordnance:  The term used for military supplies, such as weaponry and ammunition.   Parrott gun:  A rifled artillery piece with a reinforcing band at the rear, or breech.  Parrott guns were used by both the Army and the Navy, and ranged from 10-pounders to 300-pounders.  They were named after their designer, Robert Parker Parrott.    Picket: Soldiers posted on guard ahead of a main force. Pickets included about 40 or 50 men each. Several pickets would form a rough line in front of the main army's camp. In case of enemy attack, the pickets usually would have time to warn the rest of the force. During the Gettysburg Campaign, it was a picket line that first encountered Longstreet’s spy names “Harrison” and brought him to Longstreet’s chief of staff, Moxley Sorrel.    Pontoon Bridge:  (pronounced pawn-TOON)  A floating bridge which was constructed by anchoring a series of large, flat-bottomed boats across a waterway and then laying wooden planks across them.  The planks (the “chess”) were anchored by side rails and then covered with a layer of soil to protect it and to dampen sounds. Pontoon bridges were extremely important to the outcome of several battles, including Fredericksburg.   Quartermaster: The officer who was responsible for supplying clothing, supplies and food for the troops.   Reserve(s):  Part(s) of the army which were withheld from fighting during a particular battle but ready and available to fight if necessary   Rifle-Musket: The common weapon of the Civil War infantryman, it was a firearm fired from the shoulder. It differed from a regular musket by the grooves (called rifling) cut into the inside of the barrel. When the exploding powder thrusts the bullet forward, the grooves in the barrel make it spin, just like a football spirals through the air. Rifle-muskets were more accurate and had a longer range than smoothbore weapons.   Shot: A solid, round projectile, shot from a cannon.   Shell: A hollow projectile, shot from a cannon; a shell was filled with powder and lit by a fuse when it was fired. Shells exploded when their fuse burned down to the level of the powder. Depending on the length of the fuse, artillerymen could decide when they wanted the shell to burst.   Skirmish: A minor fight.   Spike:  To make an artillery piece unusable so that it could not be used by the enemy if captured.   Theater: A theater of war is a region or area where fighting takes place.   Traverse:  A mound of earth used to protect gun positions from explosion or to defilade the inside of a field work or fortification.    Vedette(or vidette):  A mounted sentry stationed in advance of a picket line   Works: Fortified structures designed to strengthen a position in battle. This includes earthworks, fieldworks, entrenchments, siege lines, etc.   Zouave: (pronounced zoo-ahv or zwahv) A zouave regiment was characterized by its soldiers' bright, colorful uniforms which usually included baggy trousers, a vest, and a fez in different combinations of red, white, and blue. American zouave units were found in both Union and Confederate armies. They were modeled after French African troops who were known for their bravery and marksmanship.   This glossary was compiled by Matt Callery from various online sources including battlefields.org, nps.gov and with the assistance of Licensed Battlefield Guide, Lewis Trott.  Be sure to visit us at addressinggettysburg.com  and follow us on Instagram and Facebook @addressinggettysburg  Copyright 2019, Fair use        

  The Battle of Gettysburg can trace its origins back to September of 1862 when Robert E Lee audaciously lead his Army of Northern Virginia on an invasion of the North. Since taking command in June of 1862, Lee had beaten back Major General George B McClellan’s Army of the Potomac and secured the Confederate capital of Richmond during the peninsula campaign. He then moved to Northern Virginia where he thrashed Major General John Pope’s Union Army of Virginia in August at the battle of Second Manassas.   After this victory, Lee strategically chose to keep his aggressive momentum going rather than settle into a defensive posture around Richmond. So he turned his attention to Northern Territory; specifically, Pennsylvania, probably, Harrisburg. This, Lee knew, would draw the Union Army out of Virginia.   By September 16, Harpers Ferry had fallen and Jackson’s Corps, save A.P. Hill’s Division, which was en route from Harpers Ferry, had been reunited with Longstreet and Lee on the bluffs along the Antietam Creek outside of Sharpsburg, Maryland. Early that misty morning, Confederate guns opened fire from the high ground northwest of town.   The bloodiest 12 hour period in American history was underway. When it was all over, 23,000 Americans would be killed, wounded or missing.   The battle of Antietam is considered a draw and Lee withdrew his Army back into Virginia.   General George McClellan sat on his laurels and failed to pursue and crush Lee’s army. Lincoln had had enough. By November, Lincoln fired McClellan. Taking his place was Ambrose E Burnside, a General who is best described as “a modest man with much to be  modest about”. This description betrays his flamboyant and unique facial hair styling, which may have given birth to the term sideburns. Upon taking command, Burnside planned an aggressive offensive against Richmond, Virginia by way of Fredericksburg. But this boldness was immediately met with troubles crossing the Rappahannock River, mainly because of delayed pontoon bridges. This gave Robert E Lee time to entrench his army on Marye’s Heights behind the town of Fredericksburg.   On December 13, Burnside ordered the battle begin. Orders from Burnside were to “send a division or more” in an effort to seize the high ground west of Fredericksburg. The approach was fraught with difficulties: fences, gardens, a canal, narrow bridges over the canal and scattered homes, barns and, eventually, the fallen, all promised to break up and slow the Federal advance over the open plain.   Longstreet’s men were hidden behind a stone wall that ran along a sunken road at the base of the heights, known at that time as the Telegraph Road. Major General Lafayette McLaws had about 2000 men on the front line and an additional 7000 reserves on the crest of and behind Marye’s Heights. Batteries pointing in every possible direction had very few target-deficient spots on the Union approaches. As soon as Union troops came out of the city, they came under artillery fire. Next Major General Winfield Scott Hancock’s Division’s emerged to suffer the same fate as French’s. The Irish Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas Francis Meagher, was first to go up.   Before going into battle, Meagher addressed his men, saying, “This may be my last speech to you, but I will be with you when the battle is the fiercest; and, if I fall, I can say I did my duty, and fell fighting in the most glorious of causes.” His men gave him three cheers. Meagher remained behind, naming a bum knee as the cause.   On the order: “Shoulder arms, right face, forward, double quick, march!” The Irishmen raced toward the enemy.   Immediately they came under artillery fire.   One well-placed Confederate shell exploded among the 88th NY, taking out 18 men. The Confederate line opened fire with a galling sheet of flame.   MULHOLLAND: "Officers and men fell in rapid succession," wrote Lt. Col. St. Clair Mulholland of the 116th Pennsylvania Volunteers. "Lieutenant Garrett Nowlen fell with a ball through the thigh. Major Bardwell fell badly wounded; and a ball whistled through Lieutenant Bob McGuire's lungs. Lieutenant Christian Foltz fell dead, with a ball through the brain. The orderly sergeant of Company H wheeled around, gazed upon Lieutenant Quinlan, and a great stream of blood poured from a hole in his forehead."   By day’s end, Burnside sent Seven Union divisions against Marye’s Heights, one brigade at a time, making a total of fourteen individual charges, each of which failed, costing the United States Army around 7500 casualties. The total Union casualties is the Battle of Fredericksburg were well over 12,000   Confederate losses at Marye's Heights totaled around 1,200 and their total losses in the battle were just over 5000. _______________________________   Major General Joseph Hooker came to command the Army of the Potomac by undermining Ambrose Burnside in any way he could while politicking and forming a band of Hooker-loyalists within the high command of the army. Being fully aware of this and in spite of it, Lincoln gave Hooker the command.   For all his bombast, “Fighting Joe” Hooker played a crucial role in the evolution and condition of the Army of the Potomac. Upon taking command, Hooker implemented changes that made the army easier to manage and that improved the health and morale of its troops.   “I have the finest army on the planet,” Hooker boasted. “I have the finest army the sun ever shone on. ... If the enemy does not run, God help them. May God have mercy on General Lee, for I will have none.”   Joe Hooker was plotting and planning a great campaign that would take his army across the Rappahannock yet again, but this time, not straight at the city of Fredericksburg like his predecessor did.   Instead, Hooker would hold a portion of his army, under Major General John Sedgwick, at Falmouth, across from the city, while marching the remainder north to swing down on Lee’s flank.   Lee, on the other hand, had sent almost half of his army away on a foraging mission under the command of Lieutenant General James Longstreet. This had to be done because the Confederate army was always plagued by shortages in food, clothing and other supplies and equipment. Remaining with Lee were the men of Stonewall Jackson’s corps and two of Longstreet’s divisions. Hooker had Lee outnumbered two to one. Moreover, Hooker had gotten his army safely across the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers and on Lee’s flank. All that was left to do was crush Lee’s smaller Army of Northern Virginia and march on down to Richmond.   If only it were that easy.   On the night of May 1, Lee and Jackson held a council of war to decide on what to do next. Something needed to be done. They were badly outnumbered. Jackson told Lee that Hooker’s right flank was “in the air”- a term meaning that it wasn’t anchored by a topographical feature like a hill or a river-- and that he knew of a road that could conceal his troops as he moved them on a flanking march of the Army of the Potomac.   When Lee asked which of his troops Jackson would require for the operation, Jackson’s reply was simply: “All of them.”   And so the next day, Jackson lead his men, some 30,000 strong, on a dozen-mile march around the Union right.   Holding the Union right, for now, was the pious Major General Oliver Otis Howard’s XI Corps, made up mostly of German immigrants.   By afternoon, reports filtered in to Howard’s headquarters  and to Hooker’s about Confederate troops being spotted to the west of Howard’s position, which was facing south.   Three colonels in Howards corps reported personally to headquarters. All three reported being laughed at and sent away. Late in the afternoon, as Howard’s men were preparing coffee and food, a massive wave of deer, turkeys, rabbits and the like came charging out of the woods. At first, the Union troops laughed and jeered, some probably thought of what a nice meal some of the animals might provide. But their amusement wouldn’t last long, for, hot on the heels [BEGIN FADE IN OF REBEL YELL, MUSKETRY, MEN RUNNING] of the wildlife came the wild-eyed troops of  Robert Rodes’ Confederate division. Howard’s XI Corps was caught totally off-guard.   Rode’s rebels swept through the Yankee camps as eleventh corps soldiers fled for safety.   Just five Union regiments offered resistance...until they, too, caved to the massive gray wave.   Nightfall brought an end to Jackson’s attack. Jackson, however, wasn’t ready for it to end and took to taking a personal reconnaissance of the enemy positions in hopes of making a rare night attack. Upon returning to his lines, Jackson and his staff were mistaken for enemy cavalry by Confederate pickets and were fired upon. Two of his aides were killed. Jackson was hit twice in the left arm and once in the right hand. While carrying him off on a littler, the litter-bearers tripped and fell, dumping Jackson off the litter on his left side. AP Hill was now in command, but he would soon be wounded through the calves and command of Jackson’s Corps went to Lee’s Cavalry commander, General James Ewell Brown “JEB” Stuart. Outnumbered over two to one, Robert E. Lee won his “perfect battle”. Casualties for the Army of Northern Virginia were more than it had taken at Antietam. Of the roughly 60,000 men engaged, over 13,000 were casualties.But that was 21 and a half percent.   Arguably the costliest casualty of the battle of Chancellorsville was that of Stonewall Jackson. Upon learning of Jackson’s loss of his arm, Lee famously said that Jackson “has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right.”   Stonewall Jackson’s wounds resulted in the amputation of his left arm. By May 9th, he was in repose at the office of Thomas Chandler’s Fairfield Plantation in Guinea Station, Virginia. His wounds were healing much to the satisfaction of his young surgeon, Doctor Hunter McGuire, but, along his road to recovery, Jackson had developed pneumonia. Doctor McGuire had consulted other doctors and Jackson’s prognosis was grim: he would die within the day.   “Presently a smile of ineffable sweetness spread itself over his pale face, and he cried quietly and with an expression as if of relief, ‘Let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of the trees’; and then, without pain or the least struggle, his spirit passed from earth to the God who gave it.”-- Dr. Hunter McGuire ____________________________________________________________________ SPONSORS GettysBike Tours- www.gettysbike.com Rick Garland- http://www.obejoyfull.com/ ______________________________________________________________________ CREDITS: Written, narrated and edited by Matt Callery Historical consultation by Licensed Battlefield Guide Bob Steenstra.   Music by Dusty Lee Elmer, Pearle Shannon and Kelley Shannon, O Be Joyful, and the California Consolidated Drum Band   Recorded in Studio A at the GettysBike Tours studios   Copyright 2019   _____________________________________________________________________   REFERENCES:   The National Park Service http://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/fredericksburg Battle of Fredericksburg in Encyclopedia Virginia Official Records Mackowski, Chris, and Kristopher D. White. Simply Murder: The Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862 Wert, Jeffry D. The Sword of Lincoln: The Army of the Potomac.   For recommended reading about the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, please go to www.addressinggettysburg.com/books and follow us on Instagram and Facebook @addressinggettysburg