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Episode: The Retrievals - Ep. 1

Author: Serial Productions & The New York Times
Duration: 00:56:56

Episode Shownotes

Patients at a fertility clinic experience excruciating, unexpected pain. For months the reason for that pain remains hidden. Then they get a letter from the clinic. To get full access to this show, and to other Serial Productions and New York Times podcasts on Apple Podcasts and Spotify, subscribe at

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Summary

In the first episode of 'The Retrievals,' patients at Yale University's fertility clinic recount distressing experiences during egg retrieval procedures, marked by unexpected severe pain and inadequate pain management. A patient’s suspicion of drug misappropriation leads to the revelation that a nurse had replaced fentanyl with saline, causing systemic failures in the healthcare facility. This episode delves into the emotional toll on women grappling with their vulnerabilities in a supposedly reputable clinic, ultimately raising questions about gender biases and the complexities of pain perception in medical settings.

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Full Transcript

00:00:03 Speaker_05
These first two episodes of The Retrievals are free. But to hear the whole series, you'll need to subscribe to The New York Times, where you'll get access to all the serial productions and New York Times shows. And it's super easy.

00:00:15 Speaker_05
You can sign up through Apple Podcasts or Spotify. And if you're already a Times subscriber, just link your account and you're done.

00:00:25 Speaker_00
The women are seeking fertility treatment for a variety of reasons. They've had a couple miscarriages and they're pushing 40. They don't have fallopian tubes or they need sperm. One woman has a diagnosis that's like a metaphor from feminist sci-fi.

00:00:40 Speaker_00
A uterus with a single horn like a unicorn. All of them wind up at the fertility clinic at Yale University. A couple of the women choose this clinic because they work at Yale, and that's what the Yale Health Plan covers.

00:00:53 Speaker_00
Others go to Yale on the recommendation of their doctors. But in Connecticut, you don't even really need the recommendation. Yale Medicine. It's a blue-chip medical brand.

00:01:04 Speaker_09
You know, Yale's just a huge name, and you just think anything that has anything to do with Yale is going to be, you know, the best of the best.

00:01:10 Speaker_11
It's really not close to our house. It's not where I would have gone. But we figured, you know, another doctor from another hospital said this is the best you can get. And you want, of course, you want that.

00:01:24 Speaker_00
To some of the women, the clinic seems to live up to its billing. They like their doctors, feel cared for by them. That man is an angel, one of the women tells me. He is by far the best doctor I've ever had.

00:01:38 Speaker_00
Others are not happy at the clinic from the start. It's things like feeling like a number or issues with communication. There's a lot to communicate. You don't know how hard fertility treatment is until you get into it.

00:01:51 Speaker_00
And once you start it in one place, it can be difficult to go somewhere else. So they talk themselves into staying. That's the first thing they go against their instincts and talk themselves into.

00:02:09 Speaker_00
The women drive to the clinic before work in the morning for blood draws, and then wait for the afternoon email from their nurse team. You really have to trust your nurse team, one of the women tells me. At this point, she did.

00:02:22 Speaker_00
The nurse team gives instructions, and the women give themselves shots. These shots contain hormones to stimulate the body to produce eggs. A side effect is emotional volatility. The wind is making me cry, one of the women says.

00:02:38 Speaker_00
But the thing is, you have to stay calm. Don't get stressed. It's so stressful trying not to get stressed. One woman uses a fertility meditation app called Expectful. She does her guided meditation on the beach.

00:02:53 Speaker_00
The app plays the sound of waves, while the real waves heave in the background. It's absurd, but so much of this is absurd, including the money. There's all kinds of stuff that's not covered, no matter what insurance you have.

00:03:06 Speaker_00
Meanwhile, your ovaries enlarge and you get so bloated that your abdomen feels like bricks. And then finally, you get to the day you've been waiting for. The day of the first egg retrieval. Which is what it sounds like.

00:03:20 Speaker_00
The eggs are removed from the body and then fertilized or frozen, depending on what you're doing. How many eggs am I going to get? That is the big question. The more eggs you get, the better your chance of a healthy embryo, a viable pregnancy, a child.

00:03:38 Speaker_00
The day of the retrieval, the women arrive at the clinic. They check in on different mornings, in different months and calendar years. None of them are here on the same day, but they will come out of the day with the same story.

00:03:52 Speaker_00
Laura arrives for her retrieval on a weekday morning in January 2020. She checks in and changes into a gown. Two months ago, Laura was diagnosed with breast cancer. A double mastectomy followed, then an infection and additional surgeries.

00:04:08 Speaker_00
As soon as she freezes her eggs, she's going to start treatment. It's a lot. Laura is trying to put all of that to the side and just focus on the procedure ahead.

00:04:18 Speaker_02
I was excited, like trying, you know, trying to stay positive and just, and I was just like, having been through so much just the month prior, I was like, this is going to be easy because I had been through so many surgeries and procedures.

00:04:31 Speaker_02
I was just like, you know, it's, I know what this is like. I know what it's like to be under anesthesia or something and be given medication so you don't feel things.

00:04:40 Speaker_00
The egg retrieval is a surgical procedure. A long needle is inserted into the vagina, then pierced through the vaginal wall and up into the ovary. Laura has been told in advance what drugs she will be getting during the procedure.

00:04:53 Speaker_02
Two drugs, fentanyl and another one, midazolam, and I believe that one's to induce sleepiness.

00:05:01 Speaker_00
Together, these two drugs offer what's often called moderate sedation. Basically, the fentanyl takes away pain and the midazolam relaxes you. Some people get drowsy with this combination. Others remain alert.

00:05:14 Speaker_00
The use of fentanyl surprises some of the women, one of them a public defender. has seen a lot of clients messed up by fentanyl. And for a second, she's worried. Another woman, Katie, a neuroscientist at Yale, feels a spark of interest.

00:05:29 Speaker_08
And in fact, you know, just being someone who studies addiction and studies some opioid use disorder and as a curious person, I remember the morning of thinking like, OK, this will be interesting. I've never tried fentanyl before.

00:05:41 Speaker_08
And so I expected to go in and have twilight anesthesia, you know, not full anesthesia, but not feel anything.

00:05:49 Speaker_00
The women complete the last steps before the procedure. Get an IV, go over some papers. If their partners came back with them, now their partners say goodbye. And then it is time. The women tell what happens next.

00:06:04 Speaker_02
I walked myself into the procedure room, because you get rolled out afterwards, but you don't have any medication in you. You're just kind of hooked up to the IV pole. And I walked into there, and you get on the chair or table, whatever they call it.

00:06:18 Speaker_02
And that's from there. They said, you're not going to feel anything. And they explained everything that was going to happen.

00:06:24 Speaker_12
They started the procedure, and I was just sort of taken by surprise, not expecting the excruciating pain, and just letting them know that I don't think the pain medication is doing anything. It really feels like you're stabbing the needle.

00:06:48 Speaker_12
I felt everything.

00:06:53 Speaker_02
It's literally your most intimate parts of your body. They're using these long needles and there's also a screen so I can watch what they're doing and I couldn't. I had to try and look away because literally each needle pierced.

00:07:07 Speaker_12
you feel. As we were moving along, it was my blood pressure started going up. I was sweating profusely and telling them, you know, I was just in too much pain that they had to stop.

00:07:21 Speaker_12
At that point, I remember them giving me more, more of the pain medication. and me saying, it's not making, you know, it's not making a difference.

00:07:31 Speaker_12
You know, a nurse coming over and putting a wet towel on my head and another nurse holding my hand and them comforting me and saying, you know, you're going to be okay.

00:07:42 Speaker_02
The nurse who, she was at the top of my body, kind of at my shoulders, wiping the tears away and helping me kind of

00:07:52 Speaker_02
hold my breath to keep myself still so that the doctors didn't slip with the needle, and just telling me that I was going to be okay, that I was gonna get through it.

00:08:06 Speaker_02
And up until that moment, I'm so excited, like, oh, I have 24 follicles, like, this is great, like, I'm gonna have a great egg retrieval. And then you're like, oh my God, I wish there was only one. Everything was counting on that retrieval.

00:08:21 Speaker_02
And that's how it feels, like the whole, the weight of, you know, your world. My partner and I, she's counting on me to be able to get through this and to have this successful retrieval. And all I'm feeling is, oh my God, I needed to stop.

00:08:37 Speaker_02
Is this worth it?

00:08:41 Speaker_12
And, you know, your feet are in the stirrups, and, you know, you're supposed to be laying on the table, but I remember tightening up and just trying to relax my body so that they could do what they needed to do, because I was so tense that, like, my bottom was almost off of the table.

00:09:00 Speaker_02
I remember, like, thrusting my hips up, actually thrusting my hips up, saying, I feel everything, like, and, like, nobody believed me. And it's just like, I don't know. But what are you going to do? I, you know, I wanted the procedure done.

00:09:16 Speaker_02
I just let it happen. And I was like, I'm awake. So.

00:09:20 Speaker_08
Knowing, you know, I was stone cold sober and awake. And I remember the egg retrieval, you know, they kind of do them one by one or like a couple at a time, you know, my impression.

00:09:36 Speaker_08
And so you have moments in between pain to say like, what the fuck is going on?

00:09:42 Speaker_02
I do remember, I think I swore I was using curse words because it was just so painful.

00:09:49 Speaker_12
You know, I don't know if I can do this any longer. You know, you just have to get through it. It's going to be over before you know it. OK, this is going to be over eventually. You can do this. You can do this. I just want this moment to be over.

00:10:00 Speaker_12
Get through it. Get through it.

00:10:05 Speaker_08
I remember yelling or kind of making like, ahh, and really like looking in confusion at my nurse, the attending nurse, and her saying, you know, I'm giving you the most I can legally give you.

00:10:17 Speaker_07
She said that that's the maximum that she's allowed to give me, so she couldn't give me anything else.

00:10:22 Speaker_12
I'm almost certain that at one point they said that they had given me all of the pain medication that they could give me.

00:10:28 Speaker_02
At one point, they did say that I had maxed out. I couldn't have any more fentanyl or Versa. And I was like, how is this possible? How is that even, like, how am I feeling this? How do people go through this? I can feel that.

00:10:40 Speaker_02
Like, I could feel the, I don't even know how to describe that. Like, you can just feel them inside of there. You know, as a woman, we've all been through things, you know, with those kind of doctors and stuff. But, like, this is just a pain.

00:10:52 Speaker_02
It's, like, hard to even explain what it felt like.

00:10:59 Speaker_00
This is hard to do but could you describe the pain that you felt?

00:11:03 Speaker_08
Oh gosh. It felt like someone was like ripping something from the inside of your body. Yeah.

00:11:19 Speaker_00
Which is what they were doing.

00:11:21 Speaker_08
That's when it felt like.

00:11:23 Speaker_00
Yeah. Yeah.

00:11:25 Speaker_08
I'm sorry. But I remember almost immediately thinking or almost daydreaming in that moment that like the attending nurse had one tube going from my IV into my arm and another tube going from my IV into her pocket.

00:11:42 Speaker_08
Like, it occurred to me almost immediately that the nurse was stealing the fentanyl.

00:11:49 Speaker_08
And I remember telling my friends, you know, after the procedure, my friends who were aware of what I was going through, but who are also colleagues at Yale in addiction research, I remember telling them, like, the nurse is stealing the fentanyl.

00:12:00 Speaker_08
Because it seems so obvious to me. I mean, fentanyl is the most diverted drug in medical settings. It's like a now major driver of the opioid crisis.

00:12:09 Speaker_08
And it was just really easy to imagine that someone with access to, you know, poorly controlled fentanyl would be abusing it.

00:12:19 Speaker_00
That's so fascinating that that's the image that raised itself up for you because it is so evocative. Because it is so evocative. And also because it was true. A nurse at the clinic was stealing fentanyl. Not Katie's nurse. Not the tube in the pocket.

00:12:38 Speaker_00
But a nurse at the clinic was stealing fentanyl and replacing it with saline. She did so undetected for months. Which meant patients weren't getting fentanyl in their IVs. They were getting salt water instead.

00:12:52 Speaker_06
Drug-addicted former nurse is sentenced for a crime that caused unbearable pain to dozens of women. The nurse stole drugs and then replaced them with saline solution.

00:13:01 Speaker_06
Connecticut nurse admits that she swapped out anesthesia drugs for salt water, causing excruciating pain to women during infertility treatments.

00:13:10 Speaker_01
It happened at a top-rated center affiliated with the Yale University. Tonight with a horrible story about the extremes a fertility nurse struggling with drug addiction took to get her fix.

00:13:20 Speaker_00
A federal investigation determined that as many as 200 patients may have been victims of this substitution over five months in 2020. Lawyers for some of the patients believe the real number is higher, and this went on for longer.

00:13:35 Speaker_00
I've talked to a dozen patients who believe they were victims of this. Eleven of them are plaintiffs in a lawsuit against Yale, and their lawyers were present when we spoke.

00:13:47 Speaker_00
When I started doing these interviews, I was struck by the echoes in these women's stories. To me, it sounded like a chorus of women saying, something is wrong here, again and again.

00:13:58 Speaker_00
The patients wondered how the clinic could have failed to detect this. And the conversations I was having made me wonder that too. And then I began talking to other people, staffers who'd been there. And I learned about what went on behind the scenes.

00:14:13 Speaker_00
The staffers I spoke to were horrified by what the patients had experienced. They were grappling with their own questions about how this had happened, about what had gone amiss. The patients didn't know why they were in pain.

00:14:27 Speaker_00
Their doctors didn't know either. And in the absence of information about the true cause of the pain, people came up with stories to explain it. The patients constructed stories about why they felt pain.

00:14:41 Speaker_00
Staffers at the clinic came up with theories, too. Eventually, the nurse would tell her own story about the pain, which would launch a whole new set of stories. The ones her friends and family would come up with. The one that would get argued in court.

00:14:56 Speaker_00
The one Yale would tell. And all of these stories revealed something about women's pain. How it's tolerated, interpreted, accounted for, or minimized. In fertility treatment, you evaluate the outcomes by whether you wind up with a baby.

00:15:18 Speaker_00
That's the metric by which success is measured. It all went well if you leave with a live birth. The outcomes here are a lot more complicated. For everyone. From Serial Productions and The New York Times, I'm Susan Burton. And this is The Retrievals.

00:15:36 Speaker_00
This is episode one, The Patients. When the retrieval is over, the women are wheeled out to the recovery room. And one of the first things that happens is that they try to come up with an explanation for their pain.

00:16:10 Speaker_02
They put you into the recovery room, and that's where you meet with whoever you were with.

00:16:14 Speaker_02
And I just remember, that's when I had my phone back, and I was texting my sister-in-law, because she was my confidant for all of this, having been through that. And she was just replying like, oh my God, how could you

00:16:26 Speaker_02
What do you mean you felt everything? And I'm like, and I was just like, you know, just explaining to her, I'm like, I don't know what's wrong.

00:16:33 Speaker_02
Like, so, and I even, one of the texts I said, I said, I think I'm immune to fentanyl because like, I was like, I don't think it works on me.

00:16:41 Speaker_00
I'm not sensitive to fentanyl. is a common theory.

00:16:45 Speaker_12
And I remember when the procedure was done, you know, my family sort of, you know, we have a family text that's ongoing.

00:16:52 Speaker_12
And I just remember texting them that, you know, it's hard to believe that we have a fentanyl epidemic where people are addicted because it did nothing for me.

00:17:08 Speaker_00
Not all of the women were alert during their procedures. Some were more deeply sedated. They were so out of it during the retrieval that they don't really remember it, or only kind of. The pain hits when they come to.

00:17:22 Speaker_03
It was bad instantly and it shouldn't really be bad instantly. Like you shouldn't wake up and be in like horrific, like nightmarish pain. But I woke up and I was, I mean like, it felt like someone had been inside me and like gutted me.

00:17:38 Speaker_03
Yeah, it was like a gutted feeling. It was like someone had been inside me, scraped me hollow, it was burning.

00:17:43 Speaker_00
In a way it is more confusing for the wake up later patients. They're not matching each stab of pain to the needle on the screen. It hurts a lot, but it's less explicable. And because of that, scarier.

00:17:59 Speaker_10
— You know, your mind just goes to the worst possible places. You know, I'm thinking, am I bleeding, you know? Am I bleeding internally? Is it like a pain is— normally a pain is a sign is protective, right? It tells you something's wrong.

00:18:14 Speaker_00
— There's a lot of uncertainty in the recovery room. an elevated blood pressure, a nurse running around to get ginger ale, a doctor coming by to say, there are fewer eggs than we expected. Are you sure you only want us to fertilize half of them?

00:18:29 Speaker_00
It's all just very overwhelming. And on top of it, some of the women feel like they're being rushed out of the clinic. Julia is one of them.

00:18:37 Speaker_11
I remember vomiting. They were giving me some fluids. I was very uncomfortable. There was no way I could walk. They put me in a wheelchair and wheeled me out. And I just had this feeling like, this is not right.

00:18:58 Speaker_00
Julia is 31 years old and already a college professor. This morning when her husband drove to the clinic, she'd been frantic. There was work on a bridge near their house, and they got stuck.

00:19:10 Speaker_00
There's only a short window to retrieve the eggs before you ovulate them, and Julia was worried she would miss it. When she arrived at the clinic, she felt a huge relief, like we made it, both we made it on time and we made it to this day.

00:19:27 Speaker_00
Now she's feeling something she never expected. At home, she goes upstairs and gets into bed.

00:19:34 Speaker_11
I fell asleep for a little while and then I woke up and I was nervous. We had a babysitter here watching my daughter. And I just, you wake up, you're like, oh my God, who's with my kid?

00:19:48 Speaker_11
I need to... And I walked a few steps to try and go down the stairs. And I realized I really had gone too far from the bed. But by this point, the pain was excruciating, I would say. And I turned to go back to lay down in my bed again.

00:20:09 Speaker_11
And I mean, I don't remember this, but I blacked out or passed out. And I woke up on the floor and I kind of busted my lip open.

00:20:24 Speaker_00
Julia calls the clinic and they tell her that she should go to the ER. She's in so much pain that she can't bend enough to get into a car. An ambulance is called. And when Julia gets to the hospital, they check her out.

00:20:38 Speaker_00
The retrieval is a safe procedure, but things can go wrong. Your ovary can strangulate. A major artery can get punctured. But none of the obvious things are wrong, and nobody can explain what is.

00:20:52 Speaker_00
Back home over the weekend, Julia calls the on-call doctor at the clinic multiple times. By Sunday, I sort of got the sense I was annoying him. Julia keeps waiting for a call from her official doctor.

00:21:05 Speaker_11
By Tuesday, she still hasn't heard from him. It was impossible for me to understand how he hadn't called me by this point, but I called his office on Tuesday, basically saying, I need to talk to you.

00:21:21 Speaker_11
I wrote down what he said, and I've kept this note since that time. He said he was not alarmed, but perplexed and surprised at my experience. Those words, I guess, ring pretty hollow now, right?

00:21:41 Speaker_11
Knowing that there was a pattern of many women who had extreme, inexplicable pain after the egg retrieval.

00:21:51 Speaker_00
What did you make of that language, like in the moment, perplexed and surprised?

00:22:01 Speaker_11
It was... I mean, I guess, uh, I, I, I, I felt crazy. I mean, I, I, I felt, I mean, you're at, by this point I'm asking myself, like, am I being difficult? Am I, I mean, am I, I mean, you just, you just question.

00:22:30 Speaker_11
your sense of self, like your ability to assess your situation rationally, which is very disconcerting when that happens, because at least at the end of the day, you have that, right? you start thinking about your whole life, right?

00:22:47 Speaker_11
Like I'm a pretty high energy person. Like I take care of a toddler. I have a PhD. I have a job. Like I run marathons in my free time.

00:22:57 Speaker_11
Like I'm not, you know, like you have all these parts of your life that make you feel like that give you this sense of like who you are. And then I just felt like,

00:23:08 Speaker_11
like they were treating me like I was like nuts, you know, for, for, for still, you know, uh, being in pain and just, um, having a, what I would call a difficult time, you know, I just left the office, uh, I mean, crying, you know, um, I just felt like,

00:23:30 Speaker_11
Like, nobody, nobody cares. That's the way I would describe how I felt in the days after. Like, nobody gives a crap that this was so hard for me.

00:23:47 Speaker_00
In the days after the retrieval, other patients live out versions of the same story. They also call the clinic. They ask, is this normal? They say, the Tylenol isn't helping. At home, they're laid up on the couch. They can't pick up their toddler.

00:24:05 Speaker_00
They wonder if they really should have scheduled themselves for a shift the next day. Not all staffers at the clinic are dismissive. But even when they respond with concern, there aren't any real answers.

00:24:23 Speaker_00
Some of these conversations take place days after the procedure, like at follow-ups to talk about next steps.

00:24:29 Speaker_12
You didn't really talk to the office until day five or day six, which is when I found out that none of the eggs had survived. None were healthy enough to go to testing. And we had to talk about moving forward. And that's when I really expressed my

00:24:50 Speaker_12
sort of shock that the procedure was as painful as it was and talked about, you know, if there were other pain management protocols that could be considered at that point. I was told that that was the best pain medication that was available.

00:25:15 Speaker_12
And my doctor prescribed me an anxiety medication to take before the next procedure. And I remember saying to my husband, You know, I think it's strange because I'm not anxious about a medical procedure. Yeah. You know, it was the pain.

00:25:35 Speaker_12
It was severe pain, not anxiety about going into it.

00:25:42 Speaker_07
The next time that I saw my doctor, he asked me how the procedure went. And I said, it was really, really painful. And he was kind of like a little bit concerned, but then he just didn't say anything after that. So I was like, OK, I guess.

00:25:56 Speaker_07
And this was my first time doing it, so I didn't know any better. So I was like, OK, I guess it's supposed to be painful.

00:26:03 Speaker_00
Other women are talking about what happened with family and friends. So at that point, I had talked to

00:26:10 Speaker_02
a couple of family members who had done retrievals, and I felt even worse. There's nothing like feeling shame from another female, and it's unintentional too.

00:26:24 Speaker_02
That just seems weird because I was wheeled back there and joked with the staff and then fell asleep and woke up and was fine.

00:26:38 Speaker_02
And that seemed to be the general consensus between procedures at different clinics that, oh yeah, I was kind of alert, but I didn't feel anything. It was really no big deal. Like the shots ahead of time were way worse than the actual procedure.

00:26:54 Speaker_02
And I started shutting down after hearing those stories that this was on me. Like I, something wasn't right with my tolerance and my ability to handle this.

00:27:15 Speaker_00
The women are already settling on their stories about what happened to them. I'm immune to fentanyl. It's my fault. It's supposed to be painful.

00:27:25 Speaker_00
The clinic tells patients that they may experience mild discomfort, but now some of them have recalibrated their expectations, including Lynn, who will have eight retrievals at the clinic. All of them will cause her excruciating pain.

00:27:41 Speaker_12
You know, again, you hear about IVF and how tough of a process it is, mentally and physically. And, you know, I just thought, this is what I have to do, this is what I have to do. And sort of just thought, this is what women go through.

00:28:10 Speaker_00
Yale declined to offer information about how reports of pain were addressed at the clinic or to answer any other questions. Episode 1 of The Retrievals continues after the break. Of the 12 patients I spoke to, most are white.

00:28:35 Speaker_00
The one black woman in the group was often the only black woman in the clinic waiting room. Everyone in the group identified as a woman.

00:28:43 Speaker_00
While a couple of them were pursuing pregnancy for the first time as they neared 40, most did not fit that stereotype. Most were married to men, one to a woman. That patient would provide the eggs, and her wife would carry the pregnancy.

00:28:57 Speaker_00
Her wife presents as more stereotypically masculine, doesn't wear women's clothing. And at first, family members were like, are you sure you want to do it this way? Yes, they were sure.

00:29:07 Speaker_00
One was doing this on her own at 41, after the end of a long relationship. Another left her boyfriend partway through the process and then fell in love with the new guy at the office. One was born in Iran and came to the U.S. as a refugee.

00:29:22 Speaker_00
Another grew up in Jamaica. One had what she described as a horrible childhood. She essentially had to raise herself. Another longed to have a second baby because she was so close to all of her siblings.

00:29:35 Speaker_00
One had type 1 diabetes and was used to everyone always attributing all medical issues to, oh, it's your diabetes. All of them worked. A special ed teacher, an accountant at a maritime firm, and a lecturer at Yale in the Department of American Studies.

00:29:53 Speaker_00
Her name is Leah. Her scholarship encompasses a variety of subjects. Exile and migration. She's the patient who came to the U.S. as a refugee from Iran. And gender.

00:30:06 Speaker_00
From the beginning of her treatment, Leah located her experience within a context of assumptions about women patients. That they are unreliable narrators of their own symptoms. That they are anxious. Exaggerating.

00:30:19 Speaker_03
But I remember the first time I went in there to get ready for the ultrasound, there was blood on the floor from a previous person's ultrasound. And I have to tell you, it was as ominous as the signs fucking come.

00:30:33 Speaker_03
And I just remember me and Navid was with me, I think. Was Navid with me? Or I subsequently... Oh, no, he couldn't go inside. He was waiting in the car. My husband was waiting in the car. I was just shaking. I was like, this isn't good.

00:30:47 Speaker_03
I mean, it was like, you walk in and I was like, there's blood? You guys left blood over? What is going on here? Did you say anything to, like, did you say that?

00:30:59 Speaker_03
But here's the thing, and this is where it begins, is you are treated like a hysterical woman from the second you walk in there. So you already know, and like as a, you know, like a person who,

00:31:14 Speaker_03
Like, I study this stuff, I teach this stuff, and you're there and you're like, oh, this is actually what's happening right now.

00:31:24 Speaker_03
Here comes like Freud's patient, the hysterical woman, who's childless and angry and hormonal and terrified and bitchy and mean, and that's how we're going to treat her.

00:31:40 Speaker_00
Hysteria comes from the Greek word for uterus. Ancient explanations for it involve an empty uterus. A woman was hysterical because her uterus was not full. Unanchored, the uterus roved through the body, which was what made women sick and crazy.

00:31:59 Speaker_00
To fix hysteria, you really needed to fill that uterus up.

00:32:03 Speaker_03
like so with the blood I remember being like there's blood on the floor you know I was really upset and they're like okay okay I mean it's you know I I it it turned right back on me and I remember one of the nurses was like okay well you can calm down you know I was told to calm down and I mean and then when they're doing the ultrasounds of course they someone's doing a transvaginal ultrasound so there's literally like this stick that's inside of you and they're moving it around and if you cringe

00:32:31 Speaker_03
OK, it'll just be like another, it's just another second. It's just, OK, just be patient. So you're constantly overemphasizing or overdramatizing what's happening. It's not that big of a deal.

00:32:45 Speaker_00
Leia felt like her doctor wasn't listening to her. She also didn't trust her assigned nurse. Then came Leia's first retrieval. She felt her pain wasn't taken seriously by anyone. She says they all blew her off.

00:32:58 Speaker_00
Leah wasn't happy with her treatment, but she decided to continue. Here I was.

00:33:04 Speaker_03
I saw it. I felt it. I was alarmed by it. But I kept going because I wanted to have a baby.

00:33:12 Speaker_00
Leah asked for a new doctor. He oversaw her next cycle, and soon she went in for another retrieval.

00:33:20 Speaker_03
Right after you're in that room, the anesthesiologist came up to me and she said, you know what? You were waking up. You were waking up. We have to give you some more meds. You know, you were waking up.

00:33:34 Speaker_03
So again, you, your body, you were nervous, you were agitated, you burdened us, your kind of uncontrollable body put us in a position where we actually had to give you more drugs. You were waking up, so we had to give you more fentanyl.

00:33:53 Speaker_03
And I was like, oh, but again, to them, I'm this woman who's already like on edge. I already left the doctor because I didn't like the doctor. So the other physicians and the other nurses all know this about me.

00:34:12 Speaker_03
I'm a kind of already unruly, perhaps entitled, overly kind of needy woman who's just really angry that she doesn't have a baby.

00:34:29 Speaker_00
There's a balance you have to strike as a woman patient. You have to complain just the right amount to be taken seriously, but not so much that you seem shrill. Still, your pain is more likely to be underestimated than men's.

00:34:43 Speaker_00
Black women are more likely to have their pain ignored no matter what they do. All of this we know from the literature and also from life.

00:34:53 Speaker_00
In my life, I've been the kind of patient where if I've ever spoken up, I felt like I need to be obsequious later to protect myself. That is what I felt I needed to perform. Leia knew she'd need to perform a whole range of things in order to get help.

00:35:08 Speaker_00
Stern, docile, smart, stupid, agreeable. And now, on a gurney in the recovery room, Leia became an observer. She would remember what was happening. She would write about this one day.

00:35:22 Speaker_00
She tuned into the language, into the emphasis that to her seemed so interesting and fucked up, into the syntax that seemed to place the blame on her body. But at the same time, Leia had also internalized the narrative that her body was to blame.

00:35:37 Speaker_00
Her body was inadequate, deficient. That was why she was here. Her body had had miscarriages. Her body didn't make enough eggs. Her body couldn't cooperate long enough to get through a critical procedure.

00:35:50 Speaker_03
Oh, God, my body. Like, here it goes again. Not only can I not, like, have a baby, I also can't even, like, just lay still with the right amount of fentanyl.

00:36:03 Speaker_00
In this moment, and throughout her treatment, Lea was simultaneously the writer saying, I can name what's happening here, and the patient saying, how could I have let this happen? Other women occupied their own versions of this position.

00:36:21 Speaker_00
Their professional identities offered them one kind of story about these events. Their identities as patients directed them to another. Several of them had an area of expertise that was directly applicable here, in a way that is kind of uncanny.

00:36:37 Speaker_00
For example, there are multiple patients who work in healthcare, including one who's designed systems for the safe storage of medications. There's a nurse anesthetist.

00:36:47 Speaker_00
She thought the anesthesia was the one part of fertility treatment she wouldn't have to worry about. And of course, there's the addiction researcher, Katie, who had the prophetic fantasy.

00:36:59 Speaker_00
What's unique about you is that not only did you know something was wrong, you knew exactly what was wrong. I did. Yet still, you constructed like this other narrative to explain it. Yes. Like other patients, Katie had expertise that gave her knowledge.

00:37:19 Speaker_00
But she and others pushed that knowledge aside. They decided not to know what they knew in order to keep going. I wanted Katie to lay out the path to that cognitive dissonance. I wanted her to explain exactly how she got from one story to the other.

00:37:35 Speaker_08
I mean, you know, as I've told you, like, I came out of that procedure, and I immediately — I remember immediately texting my friends, who are also colleagues in addiction research at Yale, like, the nurse is stealing the fentanyl.

00:37:47 Speaker_08
It seemed — it just seemed so obvious. But then, you know, then you sort of come out of the — I remember just coming out of the shock and recovering from the procedure, and things just go on, you know.

00:38:01 Speaker_08
No one is addressing the fact that I was sober during the procedure. And I remember violently shaking in recovery from like the shock. I don't know that that's related to having the procedure with or without fentanyl, but that's how my body responded.

00:38:19 Speaker_08
And my nurse was there, and I remember her saying something like, I think it was so painful because we got so many eggs. And so it's just sort of this like, positive kind of false narrative about what had happened.

00:38:35 Speaker_08
And so then, you know, I think I coped by coming up with an alternate explanation, which was that I do remember waking up during my — having my wisdom teeth being pulled when I was a kid to the nurse saying, shit, shit, and then, you know, giving me more drugs, putting me back under.

00:38:52 Speaker_08
So, you know, the other explanation for me was that maybe I'm not sensitive to certain opiates.

00:38:58 Speaker_08
You know, and I remember also that kind of became my narrative with, you know, my friends and colleagues kind of remember me sort of switching to that narrative and saying, like, well, maybe you're not sensitive to fentanyl.

00:39:10 Speaker_08
So I started to kind of just tell myself a story about my pain, just try to understand. You know, it's a way of just understanding my experience and thinking, yeah, maybe this is what happened.

00:39:28 Speaker_00
The story becomes a way not only to explain pain, but to cope with it. A way to not only make sense of the pain, but to manage it, to tamp it down, get through it. And this way, the story becomes the medicine that the patients weren't given.

00:39:53 Speaker_00
The women gear up for second, third retrievals. They change their diets. They cut chemicals out of their home. They read the books the nurses recommend. Or they get ready for embryo transfers.

00:40:04 Speaker_00
They make reservations at a hotel in town so that they won't have to drive home over a bumpy road. Despite these efforts, some of the women miscarry. One woman wakes up about 10 days after her embryo transfer with some spotting.

00:40:20 Speaker_00
Don't think anything of that yet, a nurse reassures her. But the pregnancy test comes back negative. When do you think you might want to get started again? Her doctor asks her at a virtual follow-up appointment. I'm not ready, the patient says.

00:40:36 Speaker_00
She closes the telehealth, and that's the last time she talks to the doctor. She never goes back to that clinic. She stopped fertility treatment and doesn't know when or if she will ever resume it. She never wants to go through an egg retrieval again.

00:41:03 Speaker_00
Fertility treatment doesn't always result in a baby. It's not just giving yourself shots that's hard. It's the cycle of hope and loss. It just clobbers you. And the longer you stay in it, the more the drugs mess with your head.

00:41:19 Speaker_00
It's called the Clomid Crazies for a reason, one of the women tells me. And the money, always the money. If your insurance covers this, it probably only covers a few cycles. There's so much pressure on each one.

00:41:33 Speaker_00
Once you have to pay out of pocket, you're talking maybe 15K for one cycle. And that's the low end. Some of the women are keeping their treatment secret. One of them can't even tell her own mother. It's hard.

00:41:47 Speaker_00
It's hard to begin with, even without this extra layer that's been added on to this now. The pain and the fear of more of it.

00:41:56 Speaker_02
The first time I went in clueless, thinking you're not going to feel a thing. So I think the second time I had a lot more anxiety.

00:42:05 Speaker_00
Laura doesn't get as many eggs as she hoped for the first time around. It's urgent that she start cancer treatment, and the doctors accelerate her cycle. Her second retrieval is scheduled for barely more than two weeks after her first.

00:42:19 Speaker_00
That morning, Laura's mother drives her to the clinic and sits in the waiting room while Laura goes back for the procedure. And I was shocked.

00:42:28 Speaker_02
I was shocked again that it was the same situation. I'm thrusting my hips and telling these people, like, why do we keep speaking to them? And I was just like, I feel everything you're doing. And that was when I did.

00:42:38 Speaker_02
I remember actually saying to them, I could drive myself home right now. I'm that alert.

00:42:43 Speaker_00
In the recovery room, Laura gets her phone back and, just like last time, texts her sister-in-law. Then she sees her mom. She tells them both how much pain she's in.

00:42:53 Speaker_02
So my sister-in-law right away was like, oh my god, I cannot believe you felt that again. But my mom, you know, she just felt... It's hard because, you know, she had seen me go through so much as it was with the cancer.

00:43:05 Speaker_02
You know, any mother who has to live watching their daughter go through that. And then for me to tell her, you know, this was supposed to be a special moment because we're preserving my fertility and I'm sorry.

00:43:18 Speaker_02
And for her to like see that, it hurts her to see me in pain, you know. And I was just like, well, thank God. I think this was the last time I had to do that.

00:43:33 Speaker_00
What did the two of you do like the rest of that day? Did she drive you home?

00:43:41 Speaker_02
Yeah, she drove me home and she stayed with me because she had already been staying with me a lot during the day after my surgeries because I couldn't even, at that point, I still wasn't allowed to lift more than five pounds because I was still recovering.

00:43:58 Speaker_02
from the other surgeries. So, yeah, she was with me and, you know, made me lunch and comforted me. And just, you know, we were like, okay, so now we just go back to waiting and, you know, hoping we get a good number.

00:44:12 Speaker_02
And, you know, I just moved on from it because I faced many more surgeries that year as well. So, you know, I kind of had to just switch back into, you know, survival mode. Like, okay, now we just battle the next thing. So...

00:44:27 Speaker_00
In the other surgeries you had, like cancer-related surgeries, what were your experiences of pain like?

00:44:36 Speaker_02
It's actually interesting that you bring that up because when I did have my double mastectomy, I was hospitalized. I think I was in for a day or two days. And strangely enough, the night nurse forgot to give me morphine.

00:44:51 Speaker_02
So I actually was awake and in pain the entire night. I have a gluten allergy so they couldn't feed me anything because the kitchen was closed. So I spent the entire night like vomiting because they were trying to give me like Percocets or something.

00:45:05 Speaker_02
And so I know what pain feels like, you know, whatever. And the next morning the doctor goes, I don't understand why she didn't give it to you. It was in the order and I had a really young nurse, whatever. This is completely unrelated to that.

00:45:16 Speaker_02
But, you know, I know what pain feels like, I've been through it.

00:45:21 Speaker_02
And then when I was hospitalized at Christmas, that's funny that you bring that up because my sister-in-law actually had pointed out, she goes, do you remember when you kept telling me you were immune to fentanyl?

00:45:33 Speaker_02
She goes, when I did a search on my phone, I guess you can, she's really savvy, you can type in like fentanyl in text messages and it'll bring up every conversation. She goes, I actually found one from when you were hospitalized at Christmas.

00:45:47 Speaker_02
saying that you were on fentanyl. And I guess she had sent me a picture of her Christmas tree and I had made a comment like, oh my God, did your house burn down? And she was just like, and she was like, what are you talking about?

00:45:58 Speaker_02
And I said, I don't know, the nurse just gave me fentanyl. And so she goes, look, Laura, so it does work on you. Like, you know, and this was a month prior and I did, that didn't even dawn on me, like, oh my God.

00:46:10 Speaker_02
So, but when it came time for the other thing, I was just like, oh, it must not work on me. Because, you know, I just felt like nobody had heard what I was saying, so it just didn't exist. It was in my head, you know? So yeah, so I don't know.

00:46:28 Speaker_02
Was I foolish? Because I didn't, like, dispute it more? Maybe not. I don't know. But, like, I just, I believe them. You trust them.

00:46:39 Speaker_00
Months pass. Some of the women get pregnant. Others are still trying. Some of them are still showing up at that clinic for blood draws when they open their mailboxes in December 2020.

00:46:53 Speaker_11
Christmas was on a Friday of 2020 and the mail arrived on Thursday. It was Christmas Eve and I was busy and I just thought, I'm just not, I'm not gonna go get the mail today. And I waited until Monday the 28th and you know, it was a nice day.

00:47:17 Speaker_11
I went outside, I got the mail and You know, I got this letter. So I got this letter in the mail.

00:47:23 Speaker_02
It's nothing fancy. It's a Yale envelope. I'm assuming it's a bill. Bills never stop coming with IVF.

00:47:34 Speaker_03
You get so much when you work at Yale. Also, you just get like Yale emblazoned mail. And so you're like, oh, okay, whatever. It was like this thin thing. And I was like, oh, they, you know, change locations or something. It's like, this is not important.

00:47:53 Speaker_03
And instead of just setting it aside, I happened to open it and I

00:47:59 Speaker_08
was furious. And it says, Dear Kathleen Garrison, I'm writing to you in my role as director of Yale Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility to let you know that we have learned of an event that may have involved your care.

00:48:14 Speaker_11
that they've become aware that the nurse was switching out the fentanyl with the saline.

00:48:21 Speaker_08
A few weeks ago, we learned that on multiple occasions, a Yale Fertility Center nurse replaced fentanyl, a routinely used narcotic medication, with a normal salt solution, saline, in some medication files.

00:48:34 Speaker_08
As a result, some patients may have received saline instead of the intended narcotic medication during their procedures.

00:48:43 Speaker_08
While there's no reason to believe that this event has had any negative effect on your health or the outcome of the care that you received, we believe that you should be informed.

00:48:52 Speaker_02
They make this stupid comment in the letter that there was no harm done from this happening. And I don't know if Holl was home or I called her, and I was like, bullshit, no harm done?

00:49:12 Speaker_12
Don't send me a letter and tell me that we're confident no one's outcomes were affected by this. I know my outcomes were affected by this. I know what I experienced and went through. But Yale wasn't going to help me.

00:49:26 Speaker_02
They didn't think there was harm. They didn't think it was a problem. You know, that it was the most Honestly, I think it was one of the most disrespectful ways they probably could have notified any of us that it had happened.

00:49:39 Speaker_02
That, you know, oh, we had this little breach and you're fine. No biggie.

00:49:44 Speaker_12
Go about your day. Again, no one reached out to talk with us or to see what we experienced as patients. My only communication about it was through the letter. And that's still to this day.

00:50:01 Speaker_00
And yet, in addition to fury, there's also vindication. When they learn the news, however they learn it, the women text their twin sister, or run inside to their husband, or weep in their kitchen. — It was mind-blowing.

00:50:16 Speaker_02
I immediately called my mother, I immediately called my sister-in-law, and I'm like, I don't know, something had just hit, like, it all makes sense now.

00:50:24 Speaker_12
And it was like, okay, it all makes sense. It was almost a relief, a relief to know like, you know, I'm not crazy. There's nothing wrong with my body.

00:50:36 Speaker_12
I don't have something like blocking opioids or, you know, where, you know, my body is wrong and doesn't react to medicine.

00:50:46 Speaker_02
And, but it also shows how much they ignored my pleas for help and like saying like, like no, nobody believed me. And so in a sense it was like relief, you know, just knowing that what I felt was real.

00:51:06 Speaker_00
But there's more.

00:51:08 Speaker_08
The letter continues. The law enforcement investigation and our own review have found no reason to believe that you were exposed to an infection due to this event. Even so, we can appreciate that you may want further reassurance.

00:51:21 Speaker_08
And if you wish, we will arrange for you to be tested for a group of blood-borne infections at no charge. And I was like, what the fuck?

00:51:35 Speaker_11
You know, those words, not alarmed, but perplexed and surprised, came back to me, right? And you just feel like so completely let down by this institution that's supposed to make you feel safe and, I mean, keep you safe, right?

00:51:55 Speaker_11
An institution that's supposed to keep you safe, right? That was gone.

00:52:01 Speaker_00
But maybe the most remarkable thing about the letter is the way it addresses pain. It seems to be saying, you did not feel what you felt.

00:52:11 Speaker_08
I also want to assure you that the Fertility Center routinely uses a combination of pain medications during procedures. We closely monitor patients for signs of discomfort during every procedure and adjust medications or add medications as needed.

00:52:25 Speaker_08
In this way, we can be confident that our patients stay comfortable even if one medication is not working. Well, I don't believe that accurately describes my experience.

00:52:37 Speaker_08
And then it goes on to say, if you have any questions or want a blood test, you know, here's who you can call.

00:52:43 Speaker_00
The women put the letter on the counter in shock. For months, they've been constructing their own stories about what happened to them. Now they have Yale's story, which is that this is barely a story at all.

00:52:56 Speaker_00
The questions the patients have been asking all along have a new focus.

00:53:00 Speaker_12
You know, as soon as I received that letter, it's like, how does this happen, you know? And how does it happen at Yale? You know, a hospital system with such a great reputation. And how did it happen for so long?

00:53:18 Speaker_12
So many things had to go wrong, you know, for this to happen as long as it did.

00:53:23 Speaker_02
How does an entire facility let this happen? who trained them, who thought that this was okay.

00:53:33 Speaker_02
I get sent home with, you know, I get packages in the mail with sharp needle containers and strict instructions and alcohol swabs and this crazy protocol that I'm expected to do at home.

00:53:46 Speaker_02
They make you double check things, you know, are there puncture marks? And I'm like, did I really spend more time following directions at home for hormone shots?

00:53:59 Speaker_08
Where were they? I think my immediate reaction was, you know, how could this happen at Yale? Like, why wasn't there a better system in place to prevent it or detect it when it was happening and respond? You know, why wasn't our pain listened to?

00:54:14 Speaker_00
The women wonder about the system that failed them. But there's something very intimate and human that they're wondering about, too.

00:54:22 Speaker_12
We were notified that it was a nurse. We didn't have the name of the nurse in that original letter. And so it's sort of racing through your mind like, well, which nurse? Because you build such a strong relationship with these people.

00:54:38 Speaker_12
You see them so often and you trust them and, you know, build a relationship. And so you're thinking like, well, which nurse could this have been? And then you're showing up, you know, and okay, who's not here anymore? Who's gone?

00:54:53 Speaker_12
And just trying to figure out who it was.

00:55:01 Speaker_00
The patients know what happened. They're about to find out who did it. That's next. The Retrievals is produced by me and Laura Starczewski. Laura edited the series with editing and producing help from Julie Snyder.

00:55:54 Speaker_00
Additional editing by Miki Meek, Katie Mingle, and Ira Glass. Research and fact-checking by Ben Phelan and Caitlin Love. Music supervision, sound design, and mixing by Phoebe Wang, with production help from Michelle Navarro.

00:56:09 Speaker_00
Original music by Kala Pallone, and music mixing by Tomas Poli. Inde Chubu is the supervising producer for Serial Productions. At the New York Times, our standards editor is Susan Wessling. Legal review by Dana Green. Art direction from Pablo Delcon.

00:56:25 Speaker_00
Producing help from Jeffrey Miranda, Kelly Doe, Renan Borelli, Desiree Ebequa, and Anisha Mani. Sam Dolnik is the assistant managing editor. Special thanks to Dr. Marcel Cedars, Calvin Hawker, Lisa Schumann, Kylie Silver, and Dr. Maggie Smith.

00:56:44 Speaker_00
The Retrievals is a production of Serial Productions and The New York Times.