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The Quakers, the Dutch, and the Ladies: Crash Course US History #4

From: U.S. History by Crash Course

In which John Green teaches you about some of the colonies that were not in Virginia or Massachussetts. Old New York was once New Amsterdam. Why they changed it, I can say; ENGLISH people just liked it better that way, and when the English took New Amsterdam in 1643, that's just what they did. Before the English got there though, the colony was full of Dutch people who treated women pretty fairly and allowed free black people to hold jobs. John also discusses Penn's Woods, also known as Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was (briefly) a haven of religious freedom, and William Penn dealt relatively fairly with the natives his colony displaced. Of course, as soon as Penn died, the colonist started abusing the natives immediately. We venture as far south as the Carolina colonies, where the slave labor economy was taking shape. John also takes on the idea of the classless society in America, and the beginning of the idea of the American dream. It turns out that in spite of the lofty dream that everyone had an equal shot in the new world, there were elites in the colonies. And these elites tended to be in charge. And then their kids tended to take over when they died. So yeah, not quite an egalitarian paradise. In addition to all this, we get into the Salem Witch Trials, the treatment of women in the colonies, and colonial economics. Oh yeah, one more thing, before you comment about how he says we're talking about the American Revolution next week, but the end screen says Seven Years War, consider that perhaps the Seven Years War laid the groundwork for the revolution to happen.

Full Transcript

The Quakers, the Dutch, and the Ladies Crash Course US History 4

speaker01 00:00:00

Hi I'm John Green, this is Crash Course us history and today we're going to cram 150 years of American history into one video. Why? While many American history classes don't cover the colonial period at all because most major American history tests have like one question about it, green, green, so this isn't gonna be on the test. That's awesome because I have some flirtatious notes to exchange with Jessica Alvarez. Yeah, me from the past. So listen, would you rather do well on one test or lead a richer, more productive life as a result of having a better understanding of the complicated factors that led to the creation of the greatest nation in history stand can I get a libert?

speaker01 00:37:00

So help me from the past. It's time to bask in our own greatness. And by greatness, I mean morally dubious dominance over people who would have been just fine without us.

speaker01 00:56:00

So, contrary to popular mythology, colonial America was more than just James down in 2. And Massachusetts, There was, for instance New Amsterdam.

speaker01 01:02:00

The tale goes that Dutch traders bought the island of Manhattan from Lenape Indians for $24 in 1624. That isn't quite true, but it contains a true. The Dutch traders who founded their colony were businessmen, and New Amsterdam was, above everything else, a commercial venture. This is still true in New York, actually. I mean, Manhattan is all about Wall Street. In fact Crash Course writer and history teacher Rao Meyer is believed to be the last person living on the island of Manhattan who does not work for an investment bank, So the Dutch let anyone into New Amsterdam who could help them turn a profit, including Jews and even Quakers. But they didn't like Indians very much. In fact, they drove them out of the colony.

speaker01 01:37:00

But anyway, the $24 the Lenape supposedly got for New England was $24 more then the Dutch got when the English took over the colony in 1664 by sailing four frigates into the harbor and asking for the colony in a threatening voice. So New Amsterdam became New York, which was a mixed blessing.

speaker01 01:52:00

The population doubled in the decade after the English takeover, but English rule meant less economic freedom for women, who under the Dutch were able to inherit property and conduct business for themselves. And under the English, free black people lost a lot of the jobs they've been able to hold under the Dutch.

speaker01 02:05:00

Things were better in Pennsylvania, so much so that it was known as the best poor man's country, which admittedly in the 17th century was a low bar to jump over given by Charles Ii to this guy, William Penn in 1000 and 681. Pennsylvania was a huge tract of land round about here. The land included contemporary Pennsylvania and Delaware and New Jersey. But we've made an editorial decision not to talk about New Jersey here on Crash Course due to my long-standing anti New Jersey. So Penn wanted his colony to be a haven for Quakers because he was a Quaker, As you know, if you've ever seen a container of Quaker Oats, Quakers were pretty tolerant bunch, except when it came to slavery, which they opposed vehalla. And under Penn's leadership, the colony showed remarkable religious toleration and also an amazing respect for Indian communities.

speaker01 02:44:00

But then after Penn was gone, yet the usual in 1737, Pennsylvania colonists perpetrated one of the most famous frauds of colonial America, the walking purchase. Indians agreed to see attractive land bounded by the distance of could walk in 36 hours. But the clever governor James Logan, hi, a bunch of fast runners who marked out territory much larger than the Indians anticipated. Quakers had to resort to such tricks because they were pacifists. I should also mention that they weren't particularly fond of loose living. The government prevented swearing and drunkenness, for instance, but you? It was still pretty great compared to the other colonies. More than half of the male population was eligible to vote, and Pennsylvania's dual promise of religious freedom and cheap land attracted a lot of German immigrants.

speaker01 03:23:00

Why should, say, German speaking immigrants? There was, of course, not a Germany at the time, as many viewers of Crash Course world history have pointed out to me. And now let us venture south where we will find many mosquito borne illnesses and somewhat less abolitionist sentiment.

speaker01 03:37:00

In 1663 English King Charles Ii gave eight proprietors the right to set up a colony just north of the Spanish controlled Florida to serve as a buffer. This became South Carolina, and its original settlers came from the sugar colony of Barbados, which helps to explain why they were so awesome. That's that they tried to enslave the Indians, ship them to the Caribbean, but when that didn't work out, they began to import African slaves. We're going to talk a lot more about slavery episode, but for now, just bear in mind it sucked.

speaker01 04:02:00

Okay, So in the last quarter of the 17th century, the British colonies in the Americas experienced a series of crises.

speaker01 04:07:00

Oh, it's time for the mystery document. The rules here are simple. I guess the author of the document, I get it right. No shock, I get it wrong, shock. Okay? We accuse Sir William Berkeley as guilty of each and every one of the same, and as one who hath traitorously attempted, violated, and injured His Majesty's interests here by a loss of a great part of his colony, and many of his faithful, loyal subjects by him betrayed, and in a barbarous and shameful manner, exposed to the incursions and murder of the heathen. And we do further declare these ensuing persons in this list to have been his wicked and pernicious counselors, both wicked and pernicious. Those are some terrible counselors.

speaker01 04:48:00

OK, so this guy clearly hated William Berkeley, who I happen to know was governor, particularly upset about the colonists being incurred upon and murdered by the heathen that is the Native Americans. I mean, I have a guess, not with confidence. The one person I know who hated William Berkeley was Nathaniel Bacon. Yes, yes, yes, no shock for me and no pleasure for you. You shot and Freud at Crash Course viewers.

speaker01 05:12:00

So Nathaniel Bacon arrived in Virginia in 1673 and led an armed uprising against Governor Berkeley just three years later, just to be not because Berkeley did a poor job protecting colonists from Indians, but because Berkeley wouldn't allow them to kill more Indians and take more land. Berkeley had already given all the really good land to his cronies, those aforementioned wicked and pernicious counselors leaving like bacon with serious beef. I hate myself. Before the rebellion was queued by the arrival of English warships, Bacon burned Jamestown and made himself ruler of Virginia and looted Berkeley's supporters land. 23 of the rebels were hanged, but not Bacon, who died shortly after taking control from, you guessed it, dysentery.

speaker01 05:54:00

Dang it, dysentery. It called history, not dysentery.

speaker01 05:58:00

History in's rebellion, sometimes portrayed as an early example of lower class artisans and would be farmers rising up against the corrupt British elite, which I guess kind of the biggest effects of the rebellion were, 1, a shift away from indentured servants to slaves, and two general desire by the English crown to control the colonies more. OK, so in 1986 King James Ii really tried to put the hammer down by consolidating Connecticut, Plymouth, Massachusetts New Hampshire, Rhode Island New York and East and West Jersey into one big mega colony called the Dominion of New England. It's near dictate the ruler with former New York Governor Edmund Andrews, who proceeded to appoint his own officials and lay his own taxes without even consulting any of the elected assemblies. Luckily or unluckily, depending on your perspective, a major event in British history reversed this policy, the Glorious Revolution. Now, thankfully, this isn't crash course British history, or it would quickly turn into Crash Course John's board history. But the upshot is that Britain got a fancy new role from Holland, which sparked uprisings in the colonies, and Andros was thrown into a Boston jail as the colony reasserted their independence and these new guys imposed the English Toleration Act of 1000 and 690, which decreed that all Protestants could worship freely.

speaker01 07:07:00

As toleration acts go, this one wasn't that tolerant. I mean, it still discriminated against Jews, but it did mark the end of the Puritan. No longer would membership in a congregation with church be a requirement for voting in general court elections. Property ownership would now be the determining factor, and Massachusetts would now have a governor from England, not from a company board residing inside the colony itself for one of the most talked about events in colonial history, the Salem Witch trials. A lot of ink has been expended on this incident, and the interpretations of it are numerous and controversial. So I'm just going to point out that when the witch trials which claim the lives of 14 of the nearly 150 women and men accused of witchcraft happened in 16691 New England as a colony had basically just failed in its religious mission. The Tolerance Act meant that people in Massachusetts would have to accept even Quakers as virtual equals quake. So it's not surprising that colonists would look for scapegoats or that they're male leaders would seek to reassert their gender domin OK to talk about colonial American economics.

speaker01 08:04:00

Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Most colonists were farmers or worked on farms, and they were mostly small, unlike the giant plantations that predominated in the Caribbean. Since New England contains relatively little in the way of tropical diseases and was increasingly free of Native Americans, the colonial population there skyrocketed so fast that families began to run out of land, So second and third sons increasingly had to go make their way in growing coastal cities. We'll talk about this more in future episodes, but for now, let's just note the idea of a person owning a small farm and the idea of freedom are pretty closely intertwined in the early part of American history, it's more of an amber waves of grain place than a behold this metropolis place. In fact, they were richer than any other colonial elites, where they rich enough to dominate the Constitutional Convention. Time will tell now.

speaker01 08:48:00

Not everyone was a farmer or a slave. They were growing numbers of artisan in the colonies. Although British colonial policy discouraged local manufacturing, the growing population in America meant that there was certain to be a market for locally produced goods, especially clothing and metalwork. Remember, one of the heroes of the American Revolution, Paul Revere, was a silversmith. Thanks, thought Bubble. So that variety of jobs leads us nicely to our last topic today, colonial society.

speaker01 09:11:00

Although Americans like to think of themselves as classless, intended, that's not really the case. I mean, the colonies definitely had an elite ruling class, especially in the South, that did what it could to perpetuate itself. George Washington's father and grandfather were both justices of the peace, an important role in colonial times, meaning that George Washington had deeply elite roots. So that was the top of colonial society. And at the bottom was a growing number of poor people. While it's never good to be poor, it was much better to be poor in the colonies than it was in England or much of the rest of Europe, which is why people kept in venturing themselves to get here. America had lots of food, and there was the possibility of maybe someday getting some land provided you didn't die of dysentery. Oh, and also provided you weren't a woman.

speaker01 09:50:00

Married women in 18th century colonial America generally couldn't own property, and husbands usually will. Their land to their sons and their personal items to their daughters, meaning that all, most all landowners were male in the earliest days of colonization, when everyone was needed to ensure the survival of the colonies, women had a greater role in the economy, although they were still expected to be wives and mothers above all else, male dominance was written into law and solidified in P, women's work was mostly confined to the home, and especially for lower class women, it involved a lot of drudgery as one woman.

speaker01 10:20:00

Mary Cooper wrote in her diary in 1769. I am dirty and distressed almost wearied to death. This day is 40 years since I left my father's house and come here and here. Have I seen little else but hard labor and sorrow. And that's actually a good place to end, because it reminds us that history is about much more than the lives of kings like James Ii and is like Nathaniel Bacon. And while history classes and exams tend to focus on those kinds of men, and they were mostly men, the real story of history is about regular people trying to take care of their families and not die. The colonial era often gets skipped for its lack of large scale drama, but those small scale dramas can be found in abundance.

speaker01 10:59:00

Next week, we'll go back all that great men and dramatic events crap when we start talking about the American Revolution. I'll see you then, thanks for watching.

speaker01 11:05:00

Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan muer our script supervisor is Meredith denko, the associate producer is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher Raul Meer and myself and graphics team is thought couple last week, first of the week. Oh wait, we don't do phrase of the week anymore. If you have questions about today's video, you can ask them in comments where they will be answered by our team of crack historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome Crash Course. Everything is fine.