The Effects of Microplastics on Your Health & How to Reduce Them AI transcript and summary - episode of podcast Huberman Lab
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Episode: The Effects of Microplastics on Your Health & How to Reduce Them
Author: Scicomm Media
Duration: 01:36:53
Episode Shownotes
In this episode, I explain what microplastics are, their prevalence in the human body and environment, and their common sources, as well as their potential negative health impacts. I provide practical strategies for limiting exposure to microplastics, nanoplastics, and endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol-A (BPA), bisphenol-S (BPS), phthalates, and PFAS
("forever chemicals"). Additionally, I discuss methods to enhance the body's detoxification and excretion of microplastics. By the end of this episode, you will have a clear understanding of the modern science of microplastics and their impact on human biology, along with actionable steps to minimize exposure and accumulation in the brain and body. Access the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com. Use Ask Huberman Lab, our chat-based tool, for summaries, clips, and insights from this episode: https://go.hubermanlab.com/zqHpOM6 Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman Timestamps 00:00:00 Microplastics 00:02:46 Sponsors: LMNT & BetterHelp 00:05:40 Microplastics & Nanoplastics; Ingestion 00:09:38 Microplastics in Human Tissues; Pregnancy, Young Kids, BPA 00:19:21 Tools: Plastic Water Bottles; Water Filters; Alternative Water Bottles 00:26:57 Tool: Sea Salt 00:29:10 Sponsor: AG1 00:30:40 Tool: Canned Soup; BPA, BPS, Phthalates 00:34:55 Tools: Plastic Containers & Microwave; Paper Cups & Hot Liquids 00:37:34 Measurement Tools & Advancements 00:41:29 Nanoparticles & Tissues; Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 00:45:27 Testosterone, Phthalates, BPA & BPS; Women; Men & Sperm Health 00:52:17 Sponsors: Function & Eight Sleep 00:55:25 Polyethylene & Plaques; PFAS “Forever Chemicals”; Microplastic Excretion 01:00:02 Liver-Controlled Detoxification; Tool: Cruciferous Vegetables, Sulforaphane 01:08:32 Tools: Fiber Intake, Non-Stick Pans, Carbonated Water; Microplastics & Cancer 01:15:05 Tool: Sweating & Toxin Removal 01:18:21 Tools: Packaged Foods; Clothing Overconsumption & Laundry 01:25:11 Tools: Microwave Popcorn, Toothpastes 01:27:47 Developing Brain & Microplastics, ADHD, Autism 01:32:19 Tool: Receipts & BPAs; Minimizing Microplastic Exposure 01:34:23 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer & Disclosures
Summary
In this episode of the Huberman Lab podcast, hosted by Andrew Huberman, the health impacts of microplastics are explored, detailing their prevalence in the environment and human tissues. While direct causal links to specific diseases remain unproven, there are significant correlations with potential health risks, especially for vulnerable populations. The conversation includes practical strategies to limit exposure, such as avoiding plastic bottles and canned products, and highlights the importance of dietary choices for detoxification, all aimed at reducing microplastic accumulation in the body.
Go to PodExtra AI's episode page (The Effects of Microplastics on Your Health & How to Reduce Them) to play and view complete AI-processed content: summary, mindmap, topics, takeaways, transcript, keywords and highlights.
Full Transcript
00:00:00 Speaker_00
Welcome to the Huberman Lab Podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life. I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine. Today, we are discussing microplastics.
00:00:18 Speaker_00
Microplastics are an extremely interesting and important topic that everyone should know about. And the reason is microplastics are indeed everywhere. They are in the air. They are in beverages we consume. They are lining the inside of soup cans.
00:00:34 Speaker_00
They are lining the inside of paper cups made to hold hot water, coffee, and tea. And there are a lot of animal data and indeed some human data showing that microplastics, which consist of particles of different sizes,
00:00:49 Speaker_00
can be very detrimental to our health. At the same time, it's important to realize that as of now, we don't have any causal data linking microplastics to specific human diseases.
00:01:01 Speaker_00
That said, there's a lot of correlative data, and today we are going to review those correlative data, and most importantly, we are going to discuss the various things that we can each and all do to limit our exposure to microplastics, or at least to facilitate the removal of microplastics from our body.
00:01:18 Speaker_00
because as we'll soon discuss, you have microplastics in essentially every organ and tissue of your body right now. And you are constantly being bombarded with microplastics.
00:01:29 Speaker_00
So the challenge for me, and indeed for you as well, is to frame this topic of microplastics accurately. It's important that we understand they are out there, they are in us, and indeed, they can cause serious issues for our health.
00:01:43 Speaker_00
However, we also need to take agency. We need to understand how we can limit what's called the bioaccumulation of microplastics in our organs and tissues. And I don't want to be alarmist.
00:01:54 Speaker_00
Today's episode is not about getting you to be petrified or about developing some sort of hypochondriasis about microplastics.
00:02:02 Speaker_00
It's designed to inform you about what they are, where they exist, where they exist in particularly high amounts, and the things that you can do to limit their impact on your biology.
00:02:13 Speaker_00
Because I think it's fair to say that we are not going to rid the earth of microplastics. they are just too pervasive.
00:02:20 Speaker_00
Now, the one caveat is that there are certain populations of people, in particular people that are pregnant or people that have young children and those young children themselves, that should really strive to limit their exposure to microplastics.
00:02:33 Speaker_00
So by the end of today's episode, you can be confident that you'll understand a lot about what microplastics are, the impact that they are currently having,
00:02:40 Speaker_00
some of the potential impact that people are starting to investigate and ways that you can limit their negative impact on your brain and bodily health.
00:02:47 Speaker_00
Before you begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.
00:02:52 Speaker_00
It is however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information about science and science related tools to the general public. In keeping with that theme, I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast.
00:03:03 Speaker_00
Our first sponsor is Element. Element is an electrolyte drink that has everything you need and nothing you don't. That means the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium in the correct ratios, but no sugar.
00:03:15 Speaker_00
Now, I and others on the podcast have talked a lot about the critical importance of hydration for proper brain and bodily function. Research shows that even a slight degree of dehydration can really diminish cognitive and physical performance.
00:03:27 Speaker_00
It's also important that you get adequate electrolytes in order for your body and brain to function at their best.
00:03:32 Speaker_00
The electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, are critical for the functioning of all the cells in your body, especially your neurons or nerve cells.
00:03:39 Speaker_00
To make sure that I'm getting proper amounts of hydration and electrolytes, I dissolve one packet of Element in about 16 to 32 ounces of water when I wake up in the morning, and I drink that basically first thing in the morning.
00:03:49 Speaker_00
I also drink Element dissolved in water during any kind of physical exercise I'm doing, especially on hot days if I'm sweating a lot and losing water and electrolytes. Element has a lot of different great tasting flavors of Element.
00:04:00 Speaker_00
My favorite is the watermelon, although I also confess I like the raspberry and the citrus. Basically, I like all the flavors of Element.
00:04:06 Speaker_00
If you'd like to try Element, you can go to drinkelement.com slash Huberman, spelled drinklement.com slash Huberman to claim a free Element sample pack with the purchase of any Element drink mix.
00:04:18 Speaker_00
Again, that's drinkelement.com slash Huberman to claim a free sample pack. Today's episode is also brought to us by BetterHelp. BetterHelp offers professional therapy with a licensed therapist carried out entirely online.
00:04:31 Speaker_00
Now, I've been doing weekly therapy for well over 30 years. Initially, I didn't have a choice. It was a condition of being allowed to stay in high school, but pretty soon I realized that therapy is an extremely important component to overall health.
00:04:43 Speaker_00
In fact, I consider doing regular therapy just as important as getting regular exercise, including cardiovascular exercise and resistance training exercise, which of course I also do every week.
00:04:53 Speaker_00
Now, there are essentially three things that great therapy provides. First, it provides a good rapport with somebody that you can really trust and talk to about any and all issues that concern you.
00:05:02 Speaker_00
Second of all, great therapy provides support in the form of emotional support, but also directed guidance, the do's and the not to do's. And third, expert therapy can help you arrive at useful insights that you would not have arrived at otherwise.
00:05:15 Speaker_00
Insights that allow you to do better, not just in your emotional life and your relationship life, but also the relationship to yourself and your professional life and all sorts of career goals.
00:05:24 Speaker_00
With BetterHelp, they make it very easy to find an expert therapist with whom you can really resonate with and provide you with these three benefits that I described.
00:05:31 Speaker_00
If you'd like to try BetterHelp, go to betterhelp.com slash Huberman to get 10% off your first month. Again, that's betterhelp.com slash Huberman. Okay, let's talk about microplastics. What are microplastics?
00:05:44 Speaker_00
Microplastics, as the name suggests, are little itty bitty bits of plastic. How itty bitty? Well, microplastics range in size from one micron, which is one one thousandth of a millimeter all the way up to five millimeters in diameter.
00:05:59 Speaker_00
Okay, so anything in that size range is considered a microplastic. Anything smaller than that, so anything smaller than one micron in diameter, 1 1,000th of a millimeter in diameter is considered a nanoplastic.
00:06:13 Speaker_00
And indeed there are lots of microplastics floating around in the air. There are lots of nanoplastics floating around in the air. There's lots of both of those things in the ocean. There are a lot of those things in food, especially packaged food.
00:06:25 Speaker_00
There are a lot of those things lining cups. There are a lot of those things in everything that we consume essentially.
00:06:34 Speaker_00
So what does it mean to have all these microplastics and nanoplastics floating around in our environment and going into our body through fluids and foods, et cetera?
00:06:41 Speaker_00
Well, there is some serious concern because these microplastics potentially can disrupt cellar health, organ health. and could potentially lead to certain forms of disease. We'll talk about the ways they could potentially do that.
00:06:55 Speaker_00
However, I want to also emphasize that your body is incredibly good at dealing with foreign invaders. It's very good at getting rid of stuff that isn't good for it.
00:07:03 Speaker_00
However, microplastics and nanoplastics have been shown to lodge within specific tissues and stay there for long periods of time.
00:07:10 Speaker_00
So you'll notice during today's episode, I'm going to go back and forth between the stuff that's really scary and then reassuring you that we're not sure whether or not we need to be that scared about these microplastics and nanoplastics yet. Okay.
00:07:22 Speaker_00
What I want to do is give you the evidence so you can decide how much effort you put into limiting your exposure to these microplastics and nanoplastics and how much effort you put into trying to rid your body of them. Okay.
00:07:33 Speaker_00
I'm not here to paint the picture one way or the other, because frankly, The data just don't line up with one argument or the other, that they're extremely dangerous or that they're nothing to worry about.
00:07:44 Speaker_00
Let me give you an example of something that you might have heard in the media and on recent podcasts out there. Very scary.
00:07:52 Speaker_00
The argument based on what seemed to be a pretty high quality publication that you may have heard is that every single week we ingest up to a credit card's worth of microplastics and nanoplastics.
00:08:03 Speaker_00
You might've seen that in headlines and in other podcasts. And indeed there was a paper arguing that.
00:08:09 Speaker_00
However, a more recent paper looked at the quantitative analysis they used, used a different quantitative analysis and claimed that they vastly overestimated the amount of plastic that we ingest every week. What do I mean by vastly overestimated?
00:08:23 Speaker_00
This newer analysis of the same data claims that the credit cards worth of plastic that it was argued we consume every week, well, that was an overestimate by a million fold. And in fact, it would take 23,000 years to consume enough plastic
00:08:39 Speaker_00
to lead to that credit cards worth of plastic in our bodies, okay? So now we have very discrepant data or rather we have very discrepant analyses of the same data.
00:08:48 Speaker_00
So you're starting to get a picture of just how confusing this whole field is, but we're going to parse it a little bit further by saying that it's also very clear that microplastics and nanoplastics are everywhere, okay?
00:09:01 Speaker_00
They're just everywhere you look. In fact, if I were a PhD advisor for somebody in toxicology or a PhD advisor for somebody
00:09:09 Speaker_00
and environmental science, and they needed to have a surefire publication, I'd probably suggest that they work on microplastics and go out there and try and find yet another source of microplastics and use a better analysis, for instance, okay?
00:09:23 Speaker_00
Doing a graduate thesis isn't just about getting a publication, but what I'm trying to refer to here is that wherever people look for microplastics, they find them. This is true in our environment, and this is true in food, this is true in water,
00:09:34 Speaker_00
And this is also true for our tissues.
00:09:38 Speaker_00
So in the last couple of years, there's been an explosion in the number of scientific studies exploring which tissues of the human body, so not just animal models, but the human body contain microplastics and nanoplastics.
00:09:50 Speaker_00
Okay, so by examining post-mortem tissues, that is tissues from people who are deceased, it's been discovered that there are microplastics and nanoplastics lodged in the brain.
00:10:01 Speaker_00
So if you take the brain of a deceased adult human, what you find is that they have about 0.5% of the total weight of the brain from microplastics.
00:10:11 Speaker_00
So this is about a teaspoon of salt or sugars worth of microplastics, might not seem like much, but if you think about how little neurons are, a typical neuron will have a cell body.
00:10:22 Speaker_00
This is the area that contains the nucleus with all the DNA and so forth. that cell bodies of neurons vary in size tremendously.
00:10:29 Speaker_00
They can be as small as, you know, five to eight microns across to as much as, gosh, I've seen some neurons down the microscope that are, you know, 50 microns. I've seen some that are a hundred microns across.
00:10:43 Speaker_00
It depends where you look in the nervous system, okay? So if you start to think about a half teaspoon of powder of microplastics and nanoplastics,
00:10:52 Speaker_00
That's a lot of microplastics and nanoplastics that could be distributed in lots of different places in the brain.
00:10:57 Speaker_00
And a little bit later, we'll talk about what the potential impact is of these microplastics and nanoplastics on the function of particular types of neurons that may impact things like neurodevelopmental trajectories. Okay. The argument has been made.
00:11:10 Speaker_00
I'm not making this argument, but the argument has been made that microplastics and nanoplastics may correlate with things like autism. may correlate with things like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
00:11:21 Speaker_00
I don't actually believe that the data there are strong enough to make those arguments at all. However, I will tell you that the presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in the brains, that is post-mortem tissue, okay?
00:11:33 Speaker_00
So deceased people taking the brain, chopping up the brain, looking at it down the microscope and seeing microplastics and then quantifying the amount of microplastics in different compartments of the brain and distributed across the brain.
00:11:43 Speaker_00
That is concerning to me in the sense that there's enough of it in there and the function of neurons in the nervous system is precise enough that you could imagine
00:11:53 Speaker_00
given that these microplastics and nanoplastics are lodged in particular categories of neurons that do in fact impact things like reward and motivation, things like movement, et cetera, that they could be impacting the function of the nervous system, but there's no direct causal relationship, at least not in humans.
00:12:11 Speaker_00
There's some interesting data in animal models. We'll get back to that a little bit later. So there's microplastics and nanoplastics in brain. You'll find microplastics and nanoplastics in other tissues that have a blood What do I mean by that?
00:12:24 Speaker_00
Well, the brain is encapsulated in the so-called BBB, the blood brain barrier. And that's because your brain tissue, because it doesn't turn over across the lifespan, you don't produce many new neurons.
00:12:35 Speaker_00
There are a few places you produce new neurons, like the olfactory bulb. the dentate gyrus or the hippocampus, a few places, but these are far and few between.
00:12:42 Speaker_00
Most of your brain tissue that you're born with is the brain tissue that you're going to die with, provided you don't lose that brain tissue through the course of your lifespan, through a head injury or something like that.
00:12:50 Speaker_00
The neurons you have when you are born actually are far more numerous than the neurons you have at the time when you die. This is important, and it's one of the reasons we have a blood-brain barrier. Nature is very smart.
00:13:02 Speaker_00
It designed a barrier so that molecules that might be dangerous to the brain can't enter the brain, and that's what the BBB is for. Microplastics and nanoplastics are making it from the bloodstream into the brain.
00:13:13 Speaker_00
Okay, this is what I mean when I say they can cross the blood-brain barrier. Then if we take a step back and we ask ourselves, what are some other tissues in the body that have a very robust barrier from the blood?
00:13:24 Speaker_00
Because a lot of things get into the blood and that's not necessarily good, but it's not necessarily bad if you can excrete those things, right? We have a lot of detoxification mechanisms that include our liver detoxification, et cetera, but
00:13:36 Speaker_00
If these particles are getting from the blood into the brain, what are some other tissues that they're getting into that have these thick barriers or these very stringent barriers?
00:13:45 Speaker_00
As you can imagine, two other tissues that have very stringent blood to organ barriers are the blood testicular barrier. Why would that be? Okay, why would you protect brain? Well, it can't renew.
00:13:55 Speaker_00
You don't want those neurons to get contaminated with things. So you put a BBB in, a blood brain barrier. You also put a blood testicular barrier in males, why? Well, that's where the DNA are. That's where the so-called germ cells are.
00:14:07 Speaker_00
So you don't want things getting into the testicle and mutating the DNA there because then those mutated DNA could be passed on to offspring. Guess what? Microplastics and nanoplastics can cross the blood testicular barrier.
00:14:19 Speaker_00
And in fact, there was a lot of press this last year about microplastics and nanoplastics being present in every human testicle that was analyzed in, or I should say from postmortem tissue. Likewise, there's a blood follicle barrier in females, okay?
00:14:34 Speaker_00
This is where the eggs come from. And microplastics and nanoplastics can cross the blood follicular barrier. So this is why people are starting to get concerned, right?
00:14:44 Speaker_00
I suppose we shouldn't be so surprised that we're inhaling microplastics given that they are everywhere. I should mention that there wasn't much plastic around or in use prior to the 1950s.
00:14:53 Speaker_00
If any of you have ever seen the movie, The Graduate with Dustin Hoffman, This is the only time you'll see somebody driving eastward across the Bay Bridge, all right, from San Francisco toward Berkeley on the top deck.
00:15:05 Speaker_00
It actually runs in the other direction. They shut down the Bay Bridge. That's in The Graduate. And the other thing that's in The Graduate is this famous scene.
00:15:11 Speaker_00
If you're old enough like me to remember the movie, The Graduate, Dustin Hoffman's lying in the pool. It's after his graduation. He's lying in the pool. He doesn't really know what he's going to do with his life.
00:15:20 Speaker_00
And this guy comes up to him and he says, you know, the future is plastics. And it became this kind of famous line or pseudo famous line. Now that movie takes place at a time when plastics were really booming as an industry.
00:15:31 Speaker_00
And indeed, polyethylene, polyurethane, these plastic materials were developed because they were very durable. They were long lasting. In fact, they are not biodegradable.
00:15:40 Speaker_00
They're not broken down very easily, if at all, and certainly not within biological tissues. these plastics went from essentially non-existent in the 1940s and prior to in pretty much everything involved in manufacturing. Okay.
00:15:54 Speaker_00
Even in different aspects of surgical implants and things of that sort. So plastics are indeed everywhere. And that started in the 1950s, hence that line from the graduate.
00:16:02 Speaker_00
So it's not surprising that microplastics and nanoplastics would get into our body, right? If they're everywhere in our environment and we're inhaling them all day,
00:16:11 Speaker_00
then of course they'll get into our lungs and then they're small enough they can get into our bloodstream.
00:16:14 Speaker_00
But as I mentioned, the body has these cleansing systems or these detoxification systems to remove things, but they're not removing the microplastics or at least not all of them from brain, testicle and follicle. And I should point out that
00:16:29 Speaker_00
Microplastics and nanoplastics are also found in all the other tissues of the body.
00:16:33 Speaker_00
In fact, I don't think there's a single investigation of human tissue or animal tissue for microplastics or nanoplastics where they didn't get a positive result, meaning where they didn't find them in the tissue.
00:16:42 Speaker_00
You can find them in not just the upper lungs, but in the lower lungs. So they're getting deposited in the lower lungs. You can find them in the bloodstream from a blood draw. You can find them in human placenta.
00:16:53 Speaker_00
And you can find them in what's called the meconium, which is the first stool that a baby takes. This is typically taken within the, or the stool is given, given, taken. It's taken by the doctor. It's actually analyzed for various things.
00:17:06 Speaker_00
It contains bile and a bunch of other things. It's actually an important indicator of the health of the child. It turns out that this first stool that happens in the first 24 hours or so after birth, when that's been analyzed for microplastics,
00:17:21 Speaker_00
There too, you find microplastics and nanoplastics.
00:17:23 Speaker_00
And that's really got people concerned because what this means is that microplastics and nanoplastics that mothers are ingesting or that they somehow have lodged in their bodies are making their way to the fetus.
00:17:35 Speaker_00
Now you could say, well, is it really a problem? Well, a few years ago, it was at least concerning enough that BPAs, and we'll talk more about BPAs, bisphenol A, which is a component of microplastics. This is a known endocrine disruptor.
00:17:50 Speaker_00
It disrupts certain estrogen-like pathways. We'll get into this in a few minutes. Bisphenol A and BPAs were banned from sippy cups in kids and from any food containers for young kids.
00:18:03 Speaker_00
So the FDA in the United States, and there are European countries as well, had enough data on this or enough concern about this to say, listen, we are going to make it illegal to have BPA lined sippy cups or food containers for young kids, in part because the BPA is correlated with microplastics and nanoplastics.
00:18:25 Speaker_00
So what I'm saying here is that The government has taken pretty avid measures to restrict the amount of BPA exposure through microplastics and nanoplastics to young kids. And yet the fetus clearly is being exposed to microplastics and nanoplastics.
00:18:41 Speaker_00
This is why at the beginning I mentioned, if you are pregnant or if you have young kids, or if you are a young kid, you want to go out of your way to limit your exposure to these microplastics and nanoplastics.
00:18:51 Speaker_00
But if you're an older adult, you probably want to do the same. And we'll talk about ways that you can do that. So I could go on and on about the various tissues besides placenta in your bloodstream, brain, testes, follicle, lower lungs.
00:19:04 Speaker_00
You can find nanoplastics in the liver. You can find microplastics and nanoplastics in pretty much every tissue that you look for them. The real question is how detrimental are these microplastics and nanoplastics?
00:19:15 Speaker_00
And then of course we can talk about where they're coming from specifically in ways that you can control and limit. And when I say control and limit, what we're really talking about here is Yes, trying to limit your exposure to these things.
00:19:28 Speaker_00
If I were to rattle off the different sources of microplastics and nanoplastics, you would go wide-eyed and you would probably also just say, okay, I surrender. They're truly everywhere. In fact, I'll do that. Okay, I can't help, but do that.
00:19:39 Speaker_00
But keep in mind, you do have some control in terms of the, end result of these microplastics and nanoplastics on your health. So here I go.
00:19:48 Speaker_00
Plastic bags, storage containers, bottle caps, rope gear strapping, utensils, cups, floats, coolers, containers, rope, fishing nets, textiles. Sorry, I'm not laughing because it's funny. I'm laughing because it's just pretty much everywhere.
00:19:59 Speaker_00
Latex paint, coatings, medical devices, automotive parts, tires on the road, degrading, giving off little microplastics into the air, microplastics raining down from the sky, literally. pipe film containers, laminated safety glass, car windshields.
00:20:15 Speaker_00
Oh great, even the car windshield, drinking bottles, textile fibers, resins, paints, varnish, construction, automotive parts. Okay, so basically everywhere, right? These things are everywhere. So what are we to do?
00:20:29 Speaker_00
Well, what we are to do is to limit the long-term accumulation of microplastics and nanoplastics in our system.
00:20:38 Speaker_00
There are ways that we can limit their introduction to our system, but as long as you're breathing, as long as you're walking around, as long as you're near a road, you are exposed to microplastics.
00:20:49 Speaker_00
So until there's a huge movement to make better tires that don't degrade as quickly, or to create filters in our home environments that remove the microplastics, which frankly, I think both of those things are not reasonable expectations, at least not in this lifetime.
00:21:03 Speaker_00
Well, until then, what you can do is you can try and limit their entry and accumulation into your body.
00:21:09 Speaker_00
So rather than list off all the ways that you can limit so-called bioaccumulation of microplastics and nanoplastics at the beginning or at the end of today's episode, I'm going to intersperse them at times that are relevant to what I just discussed about how microplastics get into our system and the tissues they are lodged in.
00:21:24 Speaker_00
So I'll tell you right now that a few ways that you can really do yourself a service in limiting your exposure to microplastics is to limit your consumption of water from plastic bottles. That might seem kind of obvious, but check out these data.
00:21:40 Speaker_00
This is pretty wild. There was an analysis of the number of microplastic and nanoplastic particles in bottled water, and it was estimated that there were about 30,000 of these particles per liter of water, okay?
00:21:55 Speaker_00
And those data stood for quite a long time.
00:21:59 Speaker_00
Then imaging techniques for measuring the number of these different particles, in particular, the really small nanoparticles, the ones that are less than one micron in diameter, the imaging tools for those improved.
00:22:11 Speaker_00
Okay, and I'll explain a little bit about that in a moment.
00:22:13 Speaker_00
And there was a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2024 that showed that the amount of nanoplastic in particular, but microplastic and nanoplastics that are present in bottled water was actually vastly underestimated in that previous study.
00:22:32 Speaker_00
Rather than 30,000 particles per liter, the reanalysis with better methods showed that it was anywhere from 110 all the way up to 400,000 particles per liter. And the average was 240,000 particles per liter.
00:22:47 Speaker_00
So that means that the amount of microplastics and nanoplastics in bottled water is actually much, much higher than we initially thought.
00:22:55 Speaker_00
And a very simple way to limit your exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics is to avoid drinking water from plastic bottles, in particular plastic bottles that have been heated up. Now you might say, well, I don't heat up my plastic water bottles.
00:23:08 Speaker_00
Right, but you don't know what happened to those plastic water bottles en route to the store you bought them at or en route to your refrigerator, right? They could have sat in the back of a hot truck. They could have sat in the back of a loading dock.
00:23:19 Speaker_00
any number of different things. Now, this is not to say that if you drink the occasional water out of a plastic bottle, that you're going to harm your health. I'm absolutely not saying that. However,
00:23:30 Speaker_00
it's pretty clear that there's a lot of microplastics and nanoplastics that are completely avoidable, at least avoidable in terms of your ingestion of them in plastic water bottles. So it makes sense to me why you would want to avoid those.
00:23:42 Speaker_00
Also as a consumable, that's not very reusable. I suppose you could reuse those plastic bottles, but most people don't, at least they don't use them for very long. They get pretty flimsy pretty quickly.
00:23:52 Speaker_00
you're much better off having either a stainless steel bottle or some sort of ceramic mug or using glass or using some other vessel for water that is reusable. And of course that is not made of plastic.
00:24:06 Speaker_00
And then of course the question arises, how much microplastic and nanoplastic is in tap water? And it turns out, there's quite a lot of it.
00:24:13 Speaker_00
Now it varies according to location, but there are ways that you can get those microplastics and nanoplastics out of your tap water. The best way turns out to be a little bit expensive, admittedly, and that's to use a reverse osmosis filter.
00:24:25 Speaker_00
So reverse osmosis filters will get rid of all the microplastics and nanoplastics. Of course, it will also remove some key minerals from the water. So you'll have to remineralize that water.
00:24:35 Speaker_00
If one looks at the price of reverse osmosis filtration systems, They're not cheap. They can range anywhere from 300 to 500 or even $600 for a home unit. And many of those units will remineralize the water.
00:24:48 Speaker_00
So basically it takes the water, cleans out the microplastics, nanoplastics, and a bunch of other bad stuff that you don't want. And then it's going to remineralize the water so that you're getting enough minerals in your water.
00:24:59 Speaker_00
Now, if you look at the cost of a reverse osmosis filter, I like you kind of go a little wide eyed, like, oh, that's a lot of money for water.
00:25:06 Speaker_00
But if one thinks about the total amount of money one spends in a given year on plastic bottled water that we consume and then, you know, throw away essentially the bottles or even bottled water from glass bottles, I've gotten in the habit of trying to drink water from glass bottles.
00:25:21 Speaker_00
And when you go out and you buy those, you feel better that you're not consuming a lot of microplastics and nanoplastics, but They are very expensive. So the costs probably line up pretty well.
00:25:32 Speaker_00
And when I did that analysis, I realized, well, actually the home reverse osmosis filter with remineralization actually will save on costs provided that one is good about filling glass bottles or stainless steel bottles with that water and making sure that, you know, when you leave the house to take those bottles with you.
00:25:47 Speaker_00
Again, I don't think it's possible for everyone to avoid all consumption of water from plastic bottles. That's just not reasonable. to expect, right?
00:25:55 Speaker_00
You don't want to be that person that's carrying around water everywhere you go to friends' houses at dinner, et cetera. I don't think we need to be that concerned about the amount of microplastic and nanoplastic in water sources.
00:26:06 Speaker_00
And certainly you wouldn't want to avoid drinking water from plastic bottles to the point where you dehydrate yourself or put yourself at risk. I'm not trying to create that kind of concern here.
00:26:13 Speaker_00
What I'm trying to say is if you are concerned about microplastics and nanoplastics, and you really want to limit your exposure, one of the best ways to do that is to limit your consumption of water from plastic bottles.
00:26:23 Speaker_00
and because microplastics and nanoplastics are present in tap water, you're going to need some way to remove those microplastics and nanoplastics from your tap water if you're very concerned about them. I'm not here to say everyone should do this.
00:26:34 Speaker_00
I'm certainly not saying that. I'm saying that if you are concerned about microplastics and nanoplastics, and we'll talk about some of the reasons one might want to be concerned about them,
00:26:44 Speaker_00
Well, then installing a reverse osmosis filtration system on your home water might be a good idea. And it's likely to save you costs if you look at it in comparison to buying disposable bottles of water.
00:26:57 Speaker_00
Now, there are a lot of other ways besides drinking water from plastic bottles that microplastics and nanoplastics make their way into our system.
00:27:05 Speaker_00
And I can list off many of them, but I'm trying to create a hierarchy here of the things that are potentially the major sources and the ones that we can most easily avoid and that are likely to save us costs overall.
00:27:18 Speaker_00
So one thing that's very clear is that there's a lot of microplastics and nanoplastics in sea salt. Who would have thought? But then you think about it and it's like, well, this stuff is getting out into the ocean.
00:27:28 Speaker_00
There's a lot of plastic in the ocean. It's a super depressing scene when one sees the pictures of all the plastic floating out there. In fact, there's a book that I read in preparation for this episode.
00:27:37 Speaker_00
Gosh, it was so depressing, but important for me to read. Maybe you want to read it as well. It's quite good, although it will be a bit of a downer.
00:27:46 Speaker_00
The title of the book is A Poison Like No Other, How Microplastics Corrupted Our Planet and Our Bodies by Matt Simon.
00:27:53 Speaker_00
I listened to this book and gosh, it really convinces you that there's microplastics everywhere, both on land, in the air and in the ocean, unfortunately. And of course, sea salt comes from the ocean.
00:28:05 Speaker_00
So a simple solution to this is if you're going to use salt, and I'm a big fan of salt, not overdoing it, but salt has its role, right? It's a wonderful substance, both for sake of taste and for sake of health. I did an episode about salt.
00:28:19 Speaker_00
Again, don't over-consume salt. Don't blast your blood pressure. Don't blow a gasket. But many people would do well to have a little bit more salt, especially if you're eating a really clean diet, especially if you're hydrating very well.
00:28:32 Speaker_00
Focus on something like pink Himalayan salt or salt that comes from a non-marine source, okay? It's very simple to do. It's some of the best salt out there. It's not terribly expensive.
00:28:44 Speaker_00
and you would do well to avoid sea salt and get your salt from those other sources. In doing so, you're going to lower your exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics.
00:28:53 Speaker_00
There's some pretty scary pictures of sea salt under the microscope and all the little bits of plastic that are in there.
00:28:59 Speaker_00
And you only have to see those pictures once or just hear it from me to make the shift to Himalayan sea salt or in the pink salt is pretty, it looks nice, it tastes great. So that's an easy, very low cost shift that you can make.
00:29:10 Speaker_00
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00:29:24 Speaker_00
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00:29:37 Speaker_00
The reason for that is even though I strive to eat most of my foods from whole foods and minimally processed foods, it's very difficult for me to get enough fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and minerals, micronutrients, and adaptogens from food alone.
00:29:50 Speaker_00
And I need to do that in order to ensure that I have enough energy throughout the day, I sleep well at night, and keep my immune system strong.
00:29:57 Speaker_00
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00:30:05 Speaker_00
I know that because I've had lapses when I didn't take AG1 and I certainly felt the difference.
00:30:10 Speaker_00
I also notice, and this makes perfect sense given the relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain, that when I regularly take AG1, which for me means a serving in the morning or mid-morning and again later in the afternoon or evening, that I have more mental clarity and more mental energy.
00:30:24 Speaker_00
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00:30:35 Speaker_00
Again, that's drinkag1.com slash Huberman to claim that special offer. Okay, so we've talked about bottled water sources and filtering your water. We talked about sea salt.
00:30:45 Speaker_00
Another major source of these microplastics that was very surprising to me is from the lining of canned soup. I don't think I'm ever going to eat canned soup again unless I absolutely need to.
00:30:57 Speaker_00
Sorry, canned soup companies, but there was a study, the study was entitled, canned soup consumption and urinary bisphenol A, a randomized crossover trial.
00:31:08 Speaker_00
I'll describe a little bit more about what bisphenol A is a little bit later, but bisphenol A is a known endocrine disruptor. It mimics estrogen in ways that can activate or block estrogenic pathways.
00:31:20 Speaker_00
So it messes up hormone pathways either by activating them or blocking them. It can also bind to androgen receptors potentially and cause some issues there. Bisphenol A or BPA is not a good thing. Turns out there's lots of it in the lining of Soup cans.
00:31:39 Speaker_00
The reason is soup tends to be a little bit fatty. So even if you get the non-fat soup, it tends to have some lipid in there and it also has some acidity to it. And the lining helps maintain the flavor and the freshness of the soup in those cans.
00:31:54 Speaker_00
In this study, what they did is they gave people either fresh soup or canned soup for five days. Then they did a so-called two-day washout where they took a break from soup and then they reversed the conditions.
00:32:04 Speaker_00
I'll cut to the chase here because the conclusion of this study is wild.
00:32:09 Speaker_00
What they found was that consumption of one serving of canned soup daily over the course of five days, here I'm quoting by the way, was associated with more than a thousand percent increase in urinary BPA, in bisphenol A. Now that's urinary BPA, so people are excreting it.
00:32:25 Speaker_00
I want to emphasize that. but a thousand fold increase in BPA from canned soup. I don't know. I'm not alarmist, but I only have to read this once. Think about my love of canned soup. Not that great, done.
00:32:37 Speaker_00
I'm not eating canned soup again, unless I'm absolutely starving and I need some soup very, very badly. My suggestion would be, unless you have a powerful reason to consume canned soup, don't consume canned soup.
00:32:51 Speaker_00
The one caveat being that if you can find canned soup that does not have any BPA, that is it says no BPAs on the container, well then go at it, have as much canned soup as you want.
00:33:03 Speaker_00
I should be very clear that a lot of canned products now say no BPA, but they contain other endocrine disruptors and the amount of microplastics and nanoplastics in those soups is still unknown.
00:33:15 Speaker_00
So part of my hidden motivation of this episode and perhaps the motivation of other podcasters in the health space that are talking about microplastics now, and by the way, Dr. Rhonda Patrick did a really wonderful podcast about microplastics just recently.
00:33:29 Speaker_00
We didn't coordinate, that's why we both ended up doing it roughly at the same time. We talked about it afterwards and chuckled about that. I guess, you know, we're both interested in some of the same themes, of course.
00:33:39 Speaker_00
One of the perhaps hidden agendas is that some of these food manufacturing companies and beverage manufacturing companies will start to include more thorough descriptions on their labeling of what is and is not contained in the various products such as canned soup and water, et cetera.
00:33:55 Speaker_00
not just no BPAs, but hopefully some of the other things that are problematic that we'll talk about in a moment, such as BPS, which is another endocrine disruptor. So if you see no BPAs, sometimes there's still BPS in there.
00:34:08 Speaker_00
Okay, we'll talk about BPS as well as phthalates, which are something that make plastic and other containers more durable and more flexible. And phthalates have been discussed by
00:34:18 Speaker_00
people like Dr. Shana Swan, who will soon be a guest on this podcast and has shown up on other podcasts, talking about how phthalates are known endocrine disruptors in development and likely in adulthood as well. So,
00:34:31 Speaker_00
I guess my push for you to never consume canned soup again might be a little bit harsh. That's just my decision. Here's what I'll do. I'll make a bargain with the canned soup companies.
00:34:40 Speaker_00
If you all start putting a more thorough description about what is and is not contained in those soup cans, all right, not just no BPA, but is there truly also no BPS? Are there no phthalates, et cetera?
00:34:52 Speaker_00
Then maybe I'll make the move back to canned soup. And of course, most of you have probably heard that you're not supposed to microwave plastic containers. Now you'll see microwave safe on a number of different containers.
00:35:03 Speaker_00
That just means that it's not going to melt in the microwave. It does not mean that you aren't being exposed to microplastics and nanoplastics and BPAs, BPS, phthalates, et cetera.
00:35:12 Speaker_00
So in general, it's a good idea to avoid putting any kind of plastic into the microwave, at least if you're going to microwave food and then consume that food. The other surprising, at least to me, source of BPAs
00:35:24 Speaker_00
and BPSs, so these endocrine disruptors and microplastics and nanoplastics, that's very robust, is paper cups.
00:35:32 Speaker_00
Goodness gracious, I would have thought paper cups are safe, but you know those paper cups that you put hot liquids into and they often have a plastic lid?
00:35:38 Speaker_00
Well, even if they don't have a plastic lid on them, the lining of the paper cup, which makes those cups durable,
00:35:44 Speaker_00
when you put hot liquids in there, like hot coffee or hot tea, well, that contains typically, unless it says no BPA and no BPS, it contains lots of BPA and BPSs, microplastics, nanoplastics.
00:35:56 Speaker_00
And so putting hot liquids in there, actually there was an analysis that showed that if liquid that's heated up to a hundred degrees Fahrenheit is put in those containers. It starts to leach out.
00:36:06 Speaker_00
It starts to pull those microplastics, nanoplastics, BPAs and BPS from the cup linings. So the other day I went across the street and bought a cup of coffee. Of course, they sold it to me in a paper cup.
00:36:16 Speaker_00
And I thought, oh goodness, I forgot to bring my mug and my travel mug, my stainless steel mug, or my ceramic mug. Did I not purchase the coffee? No, I'd already ordered the coffee. I didn't walk back.
00:36:25 Speaker_00
What I did is as soon as I got back, I took the coffee and I poured it into a ceramic mug. So I'm not extremist. I'm not somebody who's going to completely avoid these things, but in the future, I'll try and remember to bring my mug over.
00:36:36 Speaker_00
Some places even give you a little discount on your coffee. So again, these are cost-saving approaches. You're certainly limiting or reducing the amount of waste that you're creating in the world. It can only be a good thing, okay?
00:36:48 Speaker_00
And the plastic lids, probably a good idea to avoid drinking through those plastic lids too often. Again, I want to emphasize, I'm not one of these people that's going to freak out about drinking a hot liquid through a plastic lid.
00:37:00 Speaker_00
These microplastics and nanoplastics are everywhere. We're consuming them all the time. We can remove them from our body. And later we'll talk about ways that you can accelerate or increase the amount of removal of them from your body.
00:37:13 Speaker_00
If we're just a little bit more conscious about how they get into our body, and we're a little bit more conscious about the elevated costs and the elevated amount of trash that's going to recycle into landfill and so on, probably a good idea to just bring your mug with you, your travel mug with you, try and make those mugs and travel mugs ceramic, stainless steel, or some other vessel that doesn't contain BPAs or BPSs.
00:37:34 Speaker_00
Before we move on to talk about what happens when microplastics and nanoplastics make it into say the testicle or the brain, like what the consequences of that is and are, I wanna just briefly return to something that I flew past a while ago.
00:37:48 Speaker_00
And that's the analysis of microplastics and nanoplastic particles that are in bottled water. Remember, initially it was thought to be 30,000 particles per liter.
00:37:56 Speaker_00
Then later it was discovered using better techniques that it's actually more like 240,000 on average particles per liter. How did that huge discrepancy in data arise?
00:38:08 Speaker_00
I realize this is not a data analysis discussion, but I want to talk about this just briefly because it illustrates for you something really important about science, which is as tools for measurement get better, so does our understanding about what's going on in our brains and bodies.
00:38:23 Speaker_00
And it's a very simple and kind of cool thing related to light. So you could imagine that the first paper
00:38:29 Speaker_00
was looking under the microscope at a drop of water taken from a bottle that was plastic, and then imaged the number of little plastic particles in there.
00:38:39 Speaker_00
You'd say, well, there's a particle, and there's a particle, and there's a particle, and there are tools that can count those particles. Well, what if you have two particles that are really close together, right?
00:38:49 Speaker_00
If you recall microplastics are anywhere from one micron in diameter, all the way up to five millimeters in diameter, but nanoplastics are less than one micron in diameter.
00:39:00 Speaker_00
So how do you know that when you see a clump of stuff under the microscope in that drop of water, that you're looking at one big piece of plastic
00:39:10 Speaker_00
versus thousands and thousands of little pieces of nanoplastic, or even just much smaller pieces of microplastic. Well, it has to do with what's called the point spread function.
00:39:20 Speaker_00
And I don't really want to get into this in too much detail, but basically when you shine light on something, you get kind of a little hill of light, if you will. There's a peak at the center, and then it had drops off with distance.
00:39:31 Speaker_00
The reason why the numbers jumped from 30,000 to 240,000 is not because the researchers got much better, it's because the tools got much better, okay?
00:39:40 Speaker_00
There are new imaging techniques, and I'll put a reference to this for those of you that are into this kind of stuff. entitled Rapid Single Particle Chemical Imaging of Nanoplastics by SRS Microscopy.
00:39:50 Speaker_00
Okay, pretty nerdy stuff, but it's fun if you're interested in light and how light can illuminate things and show detail or not detail.
00:39:55 Speaker_00
But basically what we're realizing is that there are a lot more particles of plastic in different tissues, in different things that we're ingesting, et cetera, because we're getting better and better ways of separating those clumps of light into lots of little clumps of light and realizing, oh, that looked like one particle, right?
00:40:13 Speaker_00
Remember it's particles per, It's not one particle, it's 10,000 particles. Now you might say, okay, well, what's the difference between a bunch of little particles and one big particle? Ah, there's a big difference. What's the big difference?
00:40:26 Speaker_00
Little particles can make it across barriers that big particles can't. These little nanoparticles of plastic are especially concerning because those are the ones that you find in greatest abundance.
00:40:40 Speaker_00
or I should say among the plastics that you find in different tissues, the ones that are in greatest abundance in the brain, the testes and the follicle, again, these tissues that nature and evolution have gone out of their way to protect with these very stringent barriers like the blood brain barrier, like the blood testicular barrier, like the blood follicle barrier.
00:40:58 Speaker_00
Those are the ones that are getting across because they're very, very small. They can sneak through the little holes in those biological fences.
00:41:05 Speaker_00
They're getting deposited in those tissues, brain, testicle, and follicle, and they're staying there at least until people die, which in the case of the analysis of post-mortem tissue is many, many decades later, okay?
00:41:17 Speaker_00
So I'm not just raising this discussion about ways to disambiguate large particles from small particles just to be nerdy and technical. it turns out to be a really important issue with real biological implications.
00:41:29 Speaker_00
Okay, so lots of itty bitty little pieces of plastic getting their way into tissues like brain, follicle, testes, liver, lung, et cetera. What are some of the implications of this?
00:41:41 Speaker_00
Now, there are a lot of animal data, data in fish, data in mice, et cetera, that have explored how microplastics and nanoplastics can disrupt any number of different biological functions.
00:41:52 Speaker_00
but it's probably worth looking at how nanoplastic and microplastic accumulation in specific tissues is correlated with specific health detriments in humans, even though the data are correlative, right?
00:42:05 Speaker_00
It's much harder to get causal data from human studies because the animal studies, frankly, are hard to translate to humans.
00:42:12 Speaker_00
In this case, in particular, because a lot of the features of animal biology, while similar to human biology, humans are animals, but you get the point, they don't correspond so easily when looking at microplastics and nanoplastics for the following reason.
00:42:25 Speaker_00
Let's say you have a little fish, that fish is a couple centimeters long, and it turns out there's, I don't know, about an aspirin's size of microplastics and nanoplastics in that fish when that fish is analyzed post-mortem.
00:42:39 Speaker_00
You'd say, okay, well, that's kind of a lot, right? An aspirin's worth in a, or an aspirin size batch of microplastics and nanoplastics in that little fish.
00:42:50 Speaker_00
And then you look in humans and you realize, okay, well, there's more microplastics and nanoplastics, but not that much more. how much of a detriment is there really going to be?
00:42:57 Speaker_00
Can you look at the study in the fish seeing for instance, and this has been demonstrated that you have disruption in neurological pathways, the formation of those pathways, like brain development is altered, reproductive function is altered, et cetera.
00:43:08 Speaker_00
It's hard to translate. We don't really know what it means in terms of humans. So we'll turn to the correlative data in humans and I'll look to the strongest data, at least that I could find out there.
00:43:18 Speaker_00
And there are kind of three major cases that I think are worth highlighting. The first one is that, There was a study done in humans. This is published in 2021.
00:43:26 Speaker_00
It was published in the Journal of Environmental Science and Technology that found much higher levels of microplastics in the stool samples of people that were diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome.
00:43:37 Speaker_00
Okay, irritable bowel syndrome is very disruptive to people's well-being.
00:43:41 Speaker_00
There isn't an obvious cure for irritable bowel syndrome, although some people find relief by improving their gut microbiota, by limiting body-wide and gut inflammation through any number of different things, improving sleep and eating a low inflammation diet, et cetera.
00:43:54 Speaker_00
This is something that I'll probably cover in a future episode of the Huberman Lab Podcast, gastrointestinal challenges, that is. So I want to be very clear, there was no direct causation established, but it was,
00:44:07 Speaker_00
that there were higher levels of microplastics found in the stool tissue coming from people who had irritable bowel syndrome than in individuals who did not have irritable bowel syndrome.
00:44:19 Speaker_00
And while no study is perfect, they included a number of important controls in the experiment to control for age range and some other features.
00:44:26 Speaker_00
So it's reasonable to assume that the accumulation of microplastics in the gut or somewhere along the GI tract had somehow led to or related to irritable bowel syndrome. Okay, now you could also imagine the reverse.
00:44:41 Speaker_00
This is very important to understand.
00:44:42 Speaker_00
You could also imagine that people who had irritable bowel syndrome perhaps are less good at filtering microplastics and nanoplastics from the food and liquids they consume than are people who don't have irritable bowel syndrome.
00:44:54 Speaker_00
So the causality, if it exists at all, could run in either direction or both. Nonetheless, I think it's an interesting study.
00:45:00 Speaker_00
And if you're somebody who suffers from gastrointestinal distress, such as irritable bowel syndrome or otherwise, I think you'd be wise.
00:45:07 Speaker_00
Indeed, all people would be wise, but I think you'd be especially wise to take into consideration some of the to-dos and not to-dos that I'm covering during today's episode, such as avoiding consuming water from plastic bottles.
00:45:18 Speaker_00
Some of the stuff we talked about earlier, avoiding canned soup and other BPA, BPS containing containers and things of that sort, or things that come from those containers.
00:45:27 Speaker_00
The other area where there was some really interesting correlative data relates to reproductive function and hormone health.
00:45:34 Speaker_00
And this is where we can start to get into a bit more detail about BPAs and BPSs and phthalates and some of their roles in disrupting endocrine, that is hormone pathways. So there's a study,
00:45:45 Speaker_00
I'll put a link to in the show note captions that's entitled urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with decreased serum testosterone. So that's in blood in men, women, and children. Okay. This is an interesting study for a number of reasons.
00:45:59 Speaker_00
First of all, it emphasizes something that everybody should know, which is that testosterone plays key roles in men, women, and kids, okay?
00:46:08 Speaker_00
It is not the case that testosterone is just present in men and boys, it's also present in women and girls, and it plays an important role in everybody, okay?
00:46:16 Speaker_00
It's involved, of course, in some of the things that we normally associate with testosterone, such as muscle mass, bone density, strength, et cetera, but testosterone can be converted to estrogen, testosterone is involved in libido in both men and women, it's involved in brain development in boys and girls,
00:46:31 Speaker_00
in genitalia development and on and on. So it's an important hormone. And it was clear from this study that elevated levels of phthalates, that is phthalate metabolites, are associated with lower testosterone levels in all those populations.
00:46:47 Speaker_00
They point out, quote, that the strongest and most consistent inverse relationships between level of phthalates and testosterone, that is elevated phthalate metabolites, lower testosterone, were found among women ages 40 to 60 years.
00:46:58 Speaker_00
And this is very important. If you saw the episode that we did with Dr. Mary Claire Haver on perimenopause menopause, She emphasized that perimenopause menopause, which typically sets in somewhere between one's late forties and sixties. Okay.
00:47:13 Speaker_00
There's huge variation there. Sometimes as early as one's thirties, that would be early. However, more often in one's forties and fifties, sometimes as late as sixties. involves reductions in estrogen, but also in testosterone.
00:47:27 Speaker_00
And this has major implications for creating less feelings of vigor, lowered libido, less recovery from exercise and other life stressors and things of that sort. Now, the study also interestingly shows that in...
00:47:40 Speaker_00
quote, adult men, the only significant or suggestive inverse association between phthalate metabolites and testosterone were observed among men 40 to 60 years old. Now there are a number of different ways that we can interpret those data.
00:47:51 Speaker_00
One is that men younger than 40 have high enough levels of testosterone that, or the ranges of testosterone are great enough in that sample of younger than 40 years old, that somehow that was able to swamp out any reductions in testosterone.
00:48:06 Speaker_00
that were caused by phthalate metabolites, or rather that once men get from 40 to 60 years old, that there's somehow a vulnerability of the testosterone pathways to phthalates, or, and none of these are mutually exclusive, of course, that the phthalates had built up in those men's system over a number of years, and then were having their major effects on those men.
00:48:27 Speaker_00
between 40 and 60 years old. I do find it interesting that the major effects were observed in both men and women, 40 to 60 years old.
00:48:33 Speaker_00
And the interpretation of those data that makes the most sense to me at least is that there's a cumulative effect of these phthalates over time that reveals itself at least statistically in men and women once they reach 40 to 60 years.
00:48:45 Speaker_00
So what are these phthalates? Well, these phthalates are things that are included in plastics that house liquids and foods that we eat or that we cook with.
00:48:57 Speaker_00
or that simply exist in our environment and are getting broken down and that we're inhaling and then are making their way across the blood testes barrier, blood follicle barrier, or into any number of other tissues.
00:49:07 Speaker_00
Those phthalates are there of course, to make plastic more flexible and durable, but they are known endocrine disruptors.
00:49:13 Speaker_00
Dr. Shana Swan has done beautiful work showing that young animals and potentially humans who are exposed to phthalates from things like pesticides in particular, can actually have a,
00:49:27 Speaker_00
fairly major disruption in what's called the anogenital distance, okay? Withhold your chuckles.
00:49:33 Speaker_00
The distance between the penis and the anus in people that have been exposed to phthalates or mothers of boys that have been exposed to phthalates, those boys are born with a shorter penile to anal distance, okay?
00:49:45 Speaker_00
Typically it's of a certain distance and there's a correlation with reduced anogenital distance. that is a external marker, okay? It's not that that itself is necessarily a bad thing.
00:49:56 Speaker_00
That's not what we're saying here, but that's an external marker that can be measured in mice, and there are some studies that are exploring that in humans as well, that correlates with a number of other things, including lower sperm counts, reduced sperm motility, and things of that sort.
00:50:10 Speaker_00
Likewise, BPAs, the bisphenol A and B, are known endocrine disruptors. I talked about this a little bit earlier. They're known to bind to estrogen receptors. So they mimic estrogen. Sometimes they activate those estrogen receptor dependent pathways.
00:50:26 Speaker_00
So they literally mimic estrogen. sometimes they block those estrogen receptors so that estrogen cannot have the normal role of docking in those receptors and causing their normal functions.
00:50:37 Speaker_00
And BPA and to some extent BPS and potentially phthalates can dock to androgen receptors as well, sometimes referred to as testosterone receptors, androgen receptors.
00:50:46 Speaker_00
So the point is that BPAs, BPSs and phthalates are not good for endocrine function and they are present in basically all plastics, unless it says no BPA or all phthalates removed, they're present in herbicides, et cetera. And they're of real concern.
00:51:01 Speaker_00
And it's very clear, as I mentioned earlier, that you can detect microplastics in human testes. And I didn't mention this earlier, end in semen and it is now very clear that that's correlated with reduced sperm counts and lower sperm motility.
00:51:16 Speaker_00
Now, I also want to be very clear. Remember, I'm not an alarmist.
00:51:19 Speaker_00
I want to be clear that just because sperm counts are significantly lower in people that have a certain amount of microplastics and nanoplastics potentially in their testes or that they've been exposed to does not necessarily mean that they're infertile.
00:51:33 Speaker_00
It is true that total sperm count and sperm motility, forward motility being an important indicator of sperm health, are correlated with one's ability to fertilize an egg, okay?
00:51:44 Speaker_00
This was covered in a quite long, but quite detailed episode that I did about fertility in both males and females. There are a number of things one can do to increase sperm counts or to at least limit sperm count.
00:51:55 Speaker_00
There are a number of things that one can do to improve sperm motility. I encourage you to check out that episode. I'll provide a link to it in the show note captions.
00:52:02 Speaker_00
In fact, I'll link to the specific timestamp in the show note captions that gets to those particular strategies. But the point here is that
00:52:10 Speaker_00
Microplastics and nanoplastics are found in human testes and that's correlated with reductions in sperm count and reductions in sperm motility. I'd like to take a quick break and thank one of our sponsors, Function.
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00:53:34 Speaker_00
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00:53:45 Speaker_00
And I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast. If you'd like to try Function, go to functionhealth.com slash Huberman. Function currently has a wait list of over 250,000 people, but they're offering early access to Huberman Lab listeners.
00:53:58 Speaker_00
Again, that's functionhealth.com slash Huberman to get early access to Function. Today's episode is also brought to us by 8Sleep. 8Sleep makes smart mattress covers with cooling, heating, and sleep tracking capacity.
00:54:11 Speaker_00
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00:54:20 Speaker_00
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00:55:22 Speaker_00
Again, that's 8sleep.com slash Huberman. Another study that got people's attention that I think is worth mentioning, which relates to microplastics, nanoplastics and cardiovascular disease.
00:55:33 Speaker_00
This was a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2024. So this is a fabulously good journal.
00:55:39 Speaker_00
And what it found was that polyethylene, which is a component of many plastics out there, were detected in the carotid artery plaques of, in this case, 150 patients, which is approximately 58% of the ones that were included in the study.
00:55:55 Speaker_00
And they also found using a technique called electron microscopy, today's fun, because we get to talk about different types of microscopy. Electron microscopy allows you to look at things that are smaller than a micron. You can look,
00:56:06 Speaker_00
all the way down into the nanometer range right you can start breaking up that one one thousandth of a millimeter into nanometers and you can start to see things that are really really small and in this study electron microscopy showed that there were these jagged edge foreign particles among the plaque macrophages of
00:56:26 Speaker_00
these cardiovascular plaques, okay? Macrophages are part of the immune system. These are cells that go in and try and eat things up. They're kind of like little ambulances.
00:56:34 Speaker_00
Later, we're going to talk about microglia, which are the brain's resident microphages or microphages, depending on where you live and how you like to pronounce it.
00:56:42 Speaker_00
But the point here is that when using a technique like electron microscopy that allows you to look at really, really small stuff, it was very clear that the plaques that form these you know, basically occlusions within the arteries.
00:56:53 Speaker_00
These are not good. This is one of the reasons you want to eat properly and do cardiovascular exercise and take great care of yourself, et cetera.
00:57:01 Speaker_00
Electron microscopy made very clear that there were little plastic foreign jagged particles deposited in some of these plaques. Now, were they the cause of these plaques? Did they contribute to some of the occlusion caused by those plaques? Unclear, but
00:57:15 Speaker_00
it's reasonable to assume that they form part of the physical substrate that could occlude blood flow through these arteries, which of course leads to cardiovascular events, which of course are not good.
00:57:26 Speaker_00
So I'll put a link to this study in the show note captions. Again, these are correlative studies in humans.
00:57:31 Speaker_00
Correlative studies are only that, they're just correlative, but I'm trying to provide a patchwork of things that suggest that it would indeed be a good idea to try and limit your ingestion or at least facilitate the removal of microplastics and nanoplastics from your system.
00:57:47 Speaker_00
Another reason to do that relates to the so-called PFASes, okay? These are a group of chemicals sometimes referred to as the quote-unquote forever chemicals because they are very longstanding once they get into your system.
00:57:59 Speaker_00
These things have names other than PFAS, which is an acronym, things like perfluoroalkyl, things like polyfluoroalkyl.
00:58:08 Speaker_00
I don't know how good my pronunciation of those is, but if you look up the PFAS, you'll see that these things are known to cause liver damage. They can damage the immune system. They are considered forever chemicals because they are not broken down.
00:58:21 Speaker_00
They last forever. Then again, some of the other components of microplastics and nanoplastics are also known to last forever.
00:58:28 Speaker_00
So you're starting to get a picture of these little tiny bits of plastic, some tinier than others, depositing themselves in our tissues. They're everywhere out there. They're most prominent in certain sources, but they're going to get into our system.
00:58:41 Speaker_00
Now, does that mean that we can't get rid of them? No, we absolutely can get rid of them. In fact, we have a number of different ways that we get rid of toxins and foreign invaders in our body. Some of those include the immune system, right?
00:58:53 Speaker_00
Even if you have just some sort of foreign object, like a splinter, your immune system has a reaction to that.
00:58:58 Speaker_00
Typically you get some pus around it, some inflammation, and that pus and inflammation is part of the process of isolating that foreign intruder, that splinter, and then eventually creating some tissues that extrude it. or allow you to extrude it.
00:59:10 Speaker_00
You of course also have what's called your adaptive immune system, which doesn't just react to the presence of something foreign, but creates antibodies, which can combat that and so on and so forth.
00:59:19 Speaker_00
So your body has these frankly miraculous ways of dealing with foreign intruders of different sorts. But it does seem that microplastics and nanoplastics can deposit themselves in their tissues and stay there.
00:59:33 Speaker_00
Does that mean that you don't have any chance of getting them out? No. You have a liver. Your liver, yes, contains microplastics and nanoplastics, very likely if you've been alive for any amount of time, but it also
00:59:44 Speaker_00
has what's called phase one and phase two detoxification processes that allow you to break down and get rid of certain foreign products, including microplastics and nanoplastics.
00:59:54 Speaker_00
So let's talk about liver detoxification and some of the things that can facilitate liver detoxification that you actually have control over. Okay, so let's talk about liver detoxification. The liver is such a cool organ. It does so many cool things.
01:00:08 Speaker_00
It's not just about detoxification, by the way. It does all sorts of things related to blood clotting. It's just an amazing, amazing organ. We should probably do an entire episode about it. the liver and not just eating liver.
01:00:20 Speaker_00
I'm not a fan of eating liver. I do it every once in a while because I'm told it's nutritious, but let's talk about the living functioning liver. There are two types of liver detoxification processes. Okay. So this is not about detoxing your liver. Okay.
01:00:36 Speaker_00
You may hear about detoxing your liver. That's a whole other discussion that I don't want to get into, at least not here. There's type one and type two liver detoxification. Okay.
01:00:44 Speaker_00
There's type one, so-called phase one liver detoxification is also called the oxidation phase. It involves something called cytochrome P450 enzymes. Okay. So enzymes are involved in the breakdown of different things.
01:00:57 Speaker_00
It converts toxins into less harmful components that ideally are excreted from the body. Okay. Type two or phase two liver detoxification. Again, this is not detoxification of your liver. This is detoxification by your liver.
01:01:12 Speaker_00
is also called the conjugation phase of detoxification. It involves enzymes that attach molecules to toxins, okay? It makes those toxins water soluble and easier to excrete from the body. in the form of urine, okay?
01:01:27 Speaker_00
It neutralizes reactive intermediates from phase one. Okay, so phase one and phase two detoxification work together.
01:01:33 Speaker_00
During phase two of liver control detoxification is where toxins are broken down and those broken down components are prepared to be removed from the body, okay?
01:01:44 Speaker_00
It is thought that the liver plays a primary role in the removal of microplastics and nanoplastics. BPAs and BPSs. And by the way, I realized I didn't say this earlier and I should have.
01:01:56 Speaker_00
These BPAs and BPSs are sometimes chemical components within the microplastics and nanoplastics. They sometimes attach themselves to the microplastics and nanoplastics. I should have said that earlier, forgive me.
01:02:08 Speaker_00
The microplastics and nanoplastics can act as what are called vectors or carriers of things like BPAs, BPSs, phthalates, and forever chemicals, okay? I should have mentioned that earlier.
01:02:20 Speaker_00
So type two, that is phase two of liver control detoxification is where these toxins that are in the body and potentially these microplastics themselves and nanoplastics themselves are not necessarily broken down because some of those things can't be broken down, but where they are prepared to be excreted from the body.
01:02:38 Speaker_00
And we have some degree of control over phase two of liver controlled detoxification.
01:02:44 Speaker_00
Again, I'm calling it liver controlled detoxification so that this doesn't get misconstrued as detoxing your liver, which frankly is a very controversial topic and may not be possible at all.
01:02:55 Speaker_00
Although simply by saying that I'm probably going to get attacked, but here we're just talking about your liver's ability to break down and remove toxins. things from your body that you frankly don't want in your body.
01:03:05 Speaker_00
One way that you can enhance phase two liver control detoxification processes is by increasing your intake of something called sulforaphane, which is present in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and cauliflower.
01:03:18 Speaker_00
Now, is there enough sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables such that you could eat reasonable amounts that you wouldn't have to overeat cruciferous vegetables in order to get this enhancement of phase two liver detoxification processes?
01:03:31 Speaker_00
Potentially, yes. The animal studies that were carried out, so this would be in rodents like rats, used supplemented sulforaphane at dosages that were comparable to the amounts of sulforaphane that a human might ingest
01:03:44 Speaker_00
from a large serving of broccoli or a large serving of cauliflower. So this could be a few cups of raw broccoli or raw cauliflower. Although frankly, if you're like me, that basically translates to gastrointestinal distress.
01:03:56 Speaker_00
I can't tell you how many times I've gone to a party and there's some like, you know, broccoli and cauliflower, maybe with some dip or something like that.
01:04:03 Speaker_00
I usually avoid the dip because I'm not really into dips, but we'll have a few pieces of broccoli and boy, does that disrupt my gut? I don't know about you. And most things don't disrupt my gut. That's not something that I,
01:04:13 Speaker_00
struggle with i prefer to cook broccoli and to cook cauliflower if you cook broccoli and cauliflower lightly okay so you don't just you know turn into a complete mash you don't boil it such that a lot of the nutrients are leached out into the water around it so if you do sort of a light boil or a steam or something like that or you pan pan cook it maybe in some olive oil this is making me hungry by the way
01:04:34 Speaker_00
you'll still maintain the sulforaphane in those cruciferous vegetables, meaning it'll still be beneficial to you. Now, some people, including me, don't tend to eat that many cruciferous vegetables. I don't know why.
01:04:44 Speaker_00
I just somehow don't make it a point to shop for them enough. I ought to. For people like me, or perhaps you're in the same boat, you can supplement with sulforaphane.
01:04:54 Speaker_00
And what you'll find is that it's sold by various companies and it's available at a quite wide range of dosages. You'll see, for instance, two products, similarly priced. One product will contain 50 milligrams of sulforaphane.
01:05:07 Speaker_00
The other product will contain 225 milligrams of sulforaphane. Now, if you go to what I consider a really excellent website for thinking about and evaluating this kind of stuff, which is examine.com, I've talked a lot about this.
01:05:19 Speaker_00
I'm site on the podcast before on examine.com. They talk about the translation of the rodent studies to humans. And here's what they say.
01:05:28 Speaker_00
They say supplementation of 0.1 to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram of sulforaphane in rats has been noted to be bioactive. Okay. Just bioactive. They're not getting specifically at removal of microplastics or nanoplastics.
01:05:44 Speaker_00
And they translate that to a human dose of, okay, if you're 150 pound person, then that's going to be anywhere from 1.1 to 5.5 milligrams for that 150 pound person. If you're a 200 pound person, that's approximately my weight.
01:05:57 Speaker_00
I think right now I'm sitting somewhere around 215. 100 kilograms, 215, I don't know, somewhere in there. I haven't stood on a scale in a while. It's 1.5 to 7.2 milligrams for a 200 pound person.
01:06:09 Speaker_00
Now, then you think about the typical dosages that are found in supplements of 50 milligrams per serving. versus 225 milligrams per serving. And in either case, you realize that that's much, much higher than what's being discussed here.
01:06:22 Speaker_00
So what that says to me is that I would probably go with the lower dosage. Although according to examine.com, they say, quote, these low quantities are likely attainable through raw broccoli or cruciferous vegetable products. So that's great.
01:06:36 Speaker_00
What this means is that you don't need to supplement with sulforaphane if you're willing to eat raw broccoli. They're specifically saying raw broccoli. or other cruciferous vegetable products, while higher dosages may be further beneficial.
01:06:49 Speaker_00
So this is still a bit of a vague space. I realize there's some discrepancies in what I'm describing here. I said you could lightly cook the broccoli or cauliflower.
01:06:57 Speaker_00
That's my read and understanding of sulforaphane, that it's not broken down at low temperatures, but perhaps you just decide to eat it raw if you can bear it. I can't, so I don't. You could supplement it if you choose. What dosage?
01:07:11 Speaker_00
Well, that depends on your weight. And it seems that in any case, most supplements are going to more than cover the amount of sulforaphane that's described here, translated from the rat studies.
01:07:23 Speaker_00
So in my case, after researching this episode, I opted to start taking 50 milligrams, five zero milligrams of sulforaphane per day. I'm going to see how that goes. I guess,
01:07:34 Speaker_00
It's fair to say that I'm sufficiently concerned about microplastics and nanoplastics, given that I'm 49 years old.
01:07:40 Speaker_00
All my biomarkers seem fine, but hey, I'm always interested in doing something for my health or to promote my health, that is, if I can.
01:07:46 Speaker_00
And it's pretty clear to me that if one's thinking about liver control detoxification, both for sake of offsetting or removing
01:07:55 Speaker_00
BPAs, BPSs, but also other potentially toxic metabolites from microplastics, nanoplastics, and other environmental factors that taking 50 milligrams of sulforaphane per day. perhaps can be beneficial. So I don't think it's necessary for everybody.
01:08:10 Speaker_00
In fact, I think everybody should probably be getting some cruciferous vegetables in their diet anyway, at least once a week or a couple of times a week. So if you're not interested in supplementing, that would be the route to go.
01:08:20 Speaker_00
If you are interested in supplementing, I'll provide a link to this particular location in the examine.com page so that you can translate some of these dosages to your potential sources of supplemental forms of sulforaphane.
01:08:32 Speaker_00
The other way that microplastics and nanoplastics can be excreted from the body is in the bowel.
01:08:38 Speaker_00
And one way to potentially increase the amount of microplastics and nanoplastics, BPAs, BPSs, phthalates, and forever chemicals, those PFASs from your body is to make sure that you're getting enough dietary fiber.
01:08:51 Speaker_00
Now, most people can do that simply by eating a fair amount of fruits and vegetables, which I always make a point to do. I also ingest starches. Okay, so I'm not pure carnivore. Things like rice, like oatmeal.
01:09:03 Speaker_00
I like fresh pastas, although it's mainly rice and oatmeal for me these days in terms of starches, plenty of fruits and vegetables. That's something that I just really make it a point to do. Why is fiber good at doing this?
01:09:12 Speaker_00
Well, it can bind lipophilic molecules, okay? It can bind molecules. that are able to cross cell membranes.
01:09:21 Speaker_00
And earlier we were talking about the fact that BPA and BPSs mimic estrogen and combined estrogen receptors and potentially to androgen receptors as well.
01:09:30 Speaker_00
Keep in mind that one of the reasons why those so-called steroid hormone pathways, I know people hear the word steroid and they think performance enhancing steroids, but no, it turns out that testosterone and estrogen are both steroid hormones.
01:09:44 Speaker_00
One of the reasons those are interesting is that because of their structure, they're able to bind cell surface receptors and have effects on those cells.
01:09:52 Speaker_00
They are also able to pass through, okay, the hormones, okay, here I'm not talking about BPAs and BPSs, but the hormones, testosterone, estrogen, can actually get to the nucleus of cells and can control gene expression.
01:10:07 Speaker_00
These steroid hormones, testosterone and estrogen, work in a very coordinated fashion to create what we call secondary sex characteristics, which are the characteristics of the external body and brain changes and internal changes all over the place, right, ovaries, testes, et cetera, that
01:10:25 Speaker_00
are what underlie what we call puberty. And that's because these molecules can actually control gene expression.
01:10:31 Speaker_00
So when we talk about these molecules like BPAs and BPSs impacting these pathways, like estrogen and androgen pathways, this is serious stuff because what you're doing is you're potentially activating or blocking pathways that are involved, not just in the function of those cells, but actually the genes that those particular cells express.
01:10:48 Speaker_00
And this is particularly concerning for any kind of hormone dependent cancers, right?
01:10:54 Speaker_00
perhaps not surprising to you based on what you now know about how hormones work with gene expression, et cetera, that many tissues that turnover cells a lot, such as the testes, right? Producing sperm pretty much throughout the lifespan.
01:11:07 Speaker_00
The follicle and eggs. right, breast tissue, right? These are common sites of cancer.
01:11:13 Speaker_00
Okay, there are other cancers that can form, of course, in other tissues like the pancreas and brain, et cetera, but tissues that turn over quite a bit because of the involvement of the cell cycle and because cancer is, among other things, a dysregulation of the cell cycle and an overproduction of cells that we call tumors.
01:11:29 Speaker_00
Those are pathways that are particularly vulnerable to endocrine or hormone disruption.
01:11:34 Speaker_00
And this is why there's additional concern about microplastics and nanoplastics, perhaps increasing cancer rates in particular, in tissues like the ovary, in particular, the testes, in particular, any tissue where there's a lot of cellular turnover.
01:11:48 Speaker_00
So the point here is that eating broccoli, eating cauliflower, potentially supplementing with sulforaphane. Here, I'm summarizing a bit what I talked about earlier, avoiding drinking water from plastic bottles, maybe getting a reverse osmosis filter.
01:12:02 Speaker_00
avoiding those diabolical canned soups.
01:12:05 Speaker_00
I had no idea about these canned soups or ensuring that the canned soups that you're eating are safe in the ways that we discussed earlier, avoiding sea salts, avoiding, I'm throwing a few other things in here that I haven't mentioned yet.
01:12:15 Speaker_00
Avoiding nonstick pans, trying to cook mainly with cast iron or ceramic and making sure that those are BPA, BPS. and PFAS free, just look at the packaging, do a little bit of homework there and get this one.
01:12:28 Speaker_00
This is a really surprising one, or at least it was surprising to me, carbonated water, okay? Mineral waters. A few years ago, there was an analysis of different popular forms of carbonated water, which is sold in glass containers, okay?
01:12:42 Speaker_00
It turned out that Topo Chico, which I happened, past tense, happened to love, Topo Chico, I had 9.76 particles per trillion of these PFAS, these forever chemicals, okay? That was an analysis done in 2020. Perrier 1.1, San Pellegrino 0.31.
01:13:05 Speaker_00
So we're comparing 9.76 versus 1.1 versus 0.31, which tells me I'm avoiding Topo Chico. I might even avoid Perrier. I'll probably drink San Pellegrino. I'm probably buy a Perrier and drink a Perrier every once in a while.
01:13:21 Speaker_00
I'm not crazy about carbonated water. By the way, this was an analysis by Consumer Reports and it caught some attention such that the Coca-Cola company, which makes Topo Chico said that they were going to fix this problem.
01:13:34 Speaker_00
And they claimed, okay, I don't know if they've done this, right? I don't want to get the folks at Coca-Cola angry with me. Coca-Cola claimed that by 2023, they were going to cut the amount of these particles in half
01:13:47 Speaker_00
but that would still make them 4.5 parts per trillion, still much higher, at least four times higher than any of the other brands. So I have to be direct. I'm just speaking from my own experience and choices.
01:13:57 Speaker_00
until I see data that Topo Chico has reduced the amount of these foreign contaminants to basically less than 0.31, I'm going with San Pellegrino or Perrier.
01:14:09 Speaker_00
Okay, I don't tend to drink a lot of mineral water, but given that you're ordering it in the glass, in a glass container that is, given that these things are not particularly cheap, right?
01:14:19 Speaker_00
And that you have choices, you could either decide to avoid carbonated water altogether or
01:14:25 Speaker_00
If you're going to be smart about it, you probably want to avoid the ones that contain more of these foreign contaminants because of their ability to get lodged in different tissues in your body.
01:14:33 Speaker_00
So that was very surprising to me that you would have these forever chemicals in carbonated water. What it tells us is that the water going into those products contains either microplastics, nanoplastics, PFAS is from other sources or something.
01:14:49 Speaker_00
And so I think that we should all be aware of this. If you're going to drink carbonated water, probably going with a Perrier or San Pellegrino would be better than going with Topo Chico because even though they've halved the
01:15:00 Speaker_00
amount of these forever chemicals in there, it's still quite high.
01:15:05 Speaker_00
Okay, so I've mentioned some to-dos to reduce your microplastic, nanoplastic, PPA, BPS, and PFAS exposure, such as ingesting cruciferous vegetables, potentially supplementing with sulforaphane, trying to avoid drinking out of plastic water bottles.
01:15:20 Speaker_00
There are a few other things I'll just list off here, keep it relatively short. Talked about making sure you're getting enough dietary fiber,
01:15:29 Speaker_00
I talked before about using a glass or steel vessel and reverse osmosis water, using Himalayan salt, avoiding sea salt. The other thing that you can do, oh, and I mentioned using cast iron and ceramic as opposed to nonstick cookware whenever you can.
01:15:43 Speaker_00
And if you're gonna microwave food, making sure that you're doing that on plates or in containers that does not or do not contain plastic of any kind, even if it says microwave safe. The other thing is to sweat, okay?
01:15:58 Speaker_00
We vastly underestimate or downgrade the power of sweating. Sweating is an incredible mechanism.
01:16:06 Speaker_00
Now, I realized that as soon as somebody says, sweating is a great way to remove toxins from the body, that a bunch of people out there get really inflamed, pun intended. I'm not saying that.
01:16:16 Speaker_00
What I am saying is that there are a number of different ways for foreign products to leave the body, including urine, feces, but including sweat, okay? So I'm not saying that's going to detox you completely. That's not what I'm saying, okay?
01:16:31 Speaker_00
I don't fall into that camp. However, there are a number of beneficial aspects to sweating. And also there are a number of beneficial aspects to doing the things that make you sweat. So I've done entire episodes about deliberate heat exposure.
01:16:43 Speaker_00
So things like sauna done anywhere from once a week to four times a week, pretty impressive data in terms of reducing all cause mortality, improving cardiovascular function. It's also for most people, pretty pleasant to sit in a sauna.
01:16:55 Speaker_00
If you don't have access to a sauna, taking a hot bath, not so hot that you burn yourself, but a hot bath that also will activate some of these same pathways.
01:17:04 Speaker_00
things like hot yoga, things like going out for a run in a hoodie, trying to get your body to sweat pretty robustly at least once a week is a good idea for all sorts of reasons. Also just your ability to thermoregulate.
01:17:17 Speaker_00
By the way, for those of you that don't sweat much, sweating is actually something that you can get better at. That's right, you can get better at sweating by what? By sweating, by exposing yourself in safe ways to heat.
01:17:28 Speaker_00
And I talk about that in the deliberate heat exposure episode. We also have a newsletter on deliberate heat exposure. I'll put links to those in the show note captions. And those explain safe ways to encourage sweating. Why am I talking about this?
01:17:41 Speaker_00
Well, sweating may help remove some of the things that are attached to microplastics and nanoplastics that can act as endocrine disruptors.
01:17:48 Speaker_00
It's very, very unlikely that the microplastics and nanoplastics would actually be removed as whole particles in sweat. I think that's very unlikely, frankly.
01:17:57 Speaker_00
What's more likely is that the microplastics and nanoplastics aren't really getting removed from or broken down within our body at all.
01:18:04 Speaker_00
They're getting lodged into these different tissues, but the stuff that's on them and in them is potentially causing some of the biological harms that we've talked about. And so removing those more robustly is what sweating is about.
01:18:16 Speaker_00
It's what consuming cruciferous vegetables is about, and so on and so forth. So those are a few more to dos. The other two don'ts, or I should say don'ts, are things like avoiding consumption of packaged food or food that's packaged in plastic.
01:18:31 Speaker_00
Now, this is tough to do. I love berries, for instance. I love blueberries. I'm what you call a drive-by blueberry eater. If there's blueberries in a bowl, I just kind of like sweep them up by the fistful.
01:18:41 Speaker_00
So if there are blueberries on the counter, you're probably not getting very many. I'm getting most of them. I love blueberries, but I noticed that I was starting to accumulate.
01:18:50 Speaker_00
And of course I recycle those blueberry containers that are those plastic containers. One way that you can avoid plastic packaging is go to farmer's markets, bring your own bags, bring your own baskets.
01:19:01 Speaker_00
I love that the farmer's markets, they have those cardboard containers. Of course, some of you may be shouting, wait, but those are colored green and the coloration is a problem. And they have the microfibers with the, true, but probably better than,
01:19:11 Speaker_00
plastic containers that they use now in the grocery store for pretty much every fruit and vegetable, okay? So solution is either farmer's markets or trying to bring your own bags to the grocery store.
01:19:22 Speaker_00
I know this is starting to sound kind of, you know, hippy dippy, but you know, these little things make a big difference over time. You're reducing your plastic waste. You're reducing the amount of plastic exposure of the fruits and vegetables you eat.
01:19:33 Speaker_00
This can correspond to a real difference in the number of microplastics and nanoplastics and the bad stuff that comes with them that you ingest. And again, Most of the time, these things are gonna save you cost as opposed to introduce new costs.
01:19:45 Speaker_00
The other don'ts that we haven't talked so much about are to reduce the number of clothes that you purchase. I know this might seem like, oh my God, where's this all going?
01:19:55 Speaker_00
But it turns out that one of the major sources of microplastics and nanoplastics are the microfibers on clothing that come off in washing machines that then get distributed into the oceans through the water or that escape into the air.
01:20:09 Speaker_00
There are a number of ways that you can trap those. There are the things like the guppy bag that you can, I love the name, the guppy bag that you can buy at pretty low cost. You can find those easily online that will trap some of that stuff.
01:20:19 Speaker_00
There are filters that you can put within specific washing machines. Some places actually require this now that capture those microfibers.
01:20:26 Speaker_00
These microfibers, when I first heard about them, I thought, oh my goodness, we're really talking about microfibers in clothing. Well, just, I don't know, wear a hundred percent cotton clothing. But then you find out, because I read this book,
01:20:35 Speaker_00
this scary book and it was scary.
01:20:38 Speaker_00
It does kind of bum you out when you start reading this stuff that when you read a poison like no other, how microplastics corrupted our planet and our bodies, you find out that so much of the waste that exists in landfills is clothing that people have discarded.
01:20:52 Speaker_00
And there was nothing wrong with that clothing. The clothing has dyes, it has little microfibers. This stuff gets into the environment, gets into the oceans. Here's the simple solution to all this.
01:21:03 Speaker_00
it turns out that we replace far more clothing than we need to.
01:21:08 Speaker_00
Okay, this is actually a great relief to me because I love few things more in terms of clothing anyway, the feeling of a T-shirt that I've worn many, many times and it's really, really soft and kind of worn down, that kind of distressed look T-shirt, even though that might be fashionable to some people, to some people it's not, I love the feeling of a really worn down soft T-shirt.
01:21:29 Speaker_00
even the ones that have a little bit of, you know, sort of a jagged toothing along the collar. Now, some people might loathe that. They only want the pristine T-shirt that, you know, is super crisp. That's not me.
01:21:40 Speaker_00
I know I own a few of these black button-down shirts and indeed. the same ones, I use them over and over again. I do own a fair number of them, but I use the same ones over and over again.
01:21:48 Speaker_00
And I think that's in keeping with this other recommendation, which this book, A Poison Like No Other, said could make a major dent in the amount of microplastics and nanoplastics that are out there in the environment that we end up ingesting and that the other animals on the planet who are so very important end up ingesting and potentially suffering from.
01:22:05 Speaker_00
And that's to simply, not buy or replace so much of our clothing, but to reuse our clothing. Now, the argument has been made and they counter it in the book. Well, then you're just going to wash the same clothing over and over.
01:22:18 Speaker_00
You're going to break down those microfibers and introduce those dyes and things into the ocean, et cetera, into the air.
01:22:24 Speaker_00
But it turns out that when you reuse the same clothing and wash it over and over again, you actually see a diminishment in the amount of microfibers and the amount of dyes and things that you extract from those clothing over time.
01:22:36 Speaker_00
Okay, so now in some odd way, we're talking about clothing purchases or non-purchases in this case on the Huberman Lab podcast.
01:22:43 Speaker_00
But, you know, in researching this episode, I discovered that these are a major source, if not the major source of microplastic and nanoplastic particles in the environment and landfills, ocean air, et cetera.
01:22:56 Speaker_00
So while none of us, I believe none of us are going to go out there and create a tire that doesn't degrade as quickly as current tires, right? Most of us don't have the capacity to do that. Let's face it, we got to get around in vehicles.
01:23:08 Speaker_00
All those tires breaking down, not a whole lot we can do about that. We're inhaling all that stuff, but we can make the decision to use the clothing that we've got for longer periods of time.
01:23:18 Speaker_00
Is it really necessary to keep buying more and more clothes and replacing the old clothes, throwing out the old clothes, or even donating those old clothes? Who knows? I'm all for donating clothing after you're done with it.
01:23:29 Speaker_00
But now I have justification for just keeping the t-shirts that I have, making them softer and softer and softer over time.
01:23:35 Speaker_00
And I should mention that of course, when you wear clothing that is shedding these microfiber particles, you're ingesting or rather you're inhaling more typically the microfibers and the microplastics and the nanoplastics and all the bad goodies that go with them.
01:23:52 Speaker_00
You know, as I say that, I think we need to be fair about what that means and what it doesn't mean.
01:23:57 Speaker_00
I personally just don't see myself going around and looking at labels, finding only a hundred percent cotton with no microfiber shedding, no dyes, et cetera.
01:24:06 Speaker_00
I mean, there are a lot of things that are now introduced to even a hundred percent cotton clothing that make them a little bit more water and stain resistant. It's very, very difficult to find such sources of clothing.
01:24:16 Speaker_00
I know they're out there, but they're very difficult to find. And they're quite costly in many cases. If you happen to know of some true low cost versions of those things, please put those in the comment section on YouTube.
01:24:26 Speaker_00
But I think we have to be realistic here. Plastics were introduced in the 1950s. They are everywhere. They are in our clothing, they're in tires, they're in medical devices, they're just everywhere.
01:24:38 Speaker_00
The point of this discussion today is not to try and eliminate plastics. I don't think that's reasonable. I don't even think that would be useful relative to the incredibly powerful use of plastics in just about every industry.
01:24:49 Speaker_00
There's always a trade-off with these sorts of things. And I acknowledge that.
01:24:53 Speaker_00
What I'm talking about is trying to limit your exposure and trying to buffer yourself against this bioaccumulation in ways that can protect your endocrine system, protect your brain, protect your cardiovascular system, protect your liver, protect the organs and tissue systems of your body so that you can thrive as much as possible.
01:25:11 Speaker_00
So there are some other not to dos or things to avoid. Microwave popcorn turns out to be a major source of these things.
01:25:17 Speaker_00
Basically any bag or container, can, bag, or plastic that has a lining that prevents oily stuff from staining it and getting through, such as microwave popcorn, very likely is a source, or I should say a rich source of microplastics, nanoplastics, and endocrine disruptors.
01:25:33 Speaker_00
Does that mean that if you have some microwave popcorn every once in a while, that's going to screw up your estrogen or testosterone system and make you infertile? No, I don't believe that.
01:25:41 Speaker_00
These things are all a matter of dosage, exposure over time, and so on. Toothpaste and plastic tubing, another rich source of microplastics, nanoplastics that people ingest. of course, because you're putting it in your mouth.
01:25:53 Speaker_00
When I did the oral health episode, I talked about some tooth tablets. I've become quite fond of these.
01:25:58 Speaker_00
I have no financial relationship to the company that makes these, but these are two tablets that include something called hydroxyapatite, which is great for the remineralization of teeth, because it turns out your teeth can fill in little cavities that start to form and overall tooth health.
01:26:11 Speaker_00
It's also great for travel, because first of all, these things come in a glass jar, so no plastic. You take the tooth tablets, you just chew them up and then you brush your teeth.
01:26:19 Speaker_00
It's great because you don't have to worry about how many ounces is going through the, you know, the screening process at the airport because it's not a liquid, it's not a paste, it's a tablet. They're super convenient. I love those.
01:26:30 Speaker_00
We'll provide a link to those in the show note captions, even though I have no relationship to the company, I'm just a big fan of that sort of thing, the convenience and the fact that it's housed in glass.
01:26:39 Speaker_00
But as I say all this stuff, right, avoiding drinking out of plastic, don't turn over your clothing so much. wash your clothes, but don't purchase and throw away clothing too much or more than is necessary. Avoiding sea salt, these kinds of things.
01:26:55 Speaker_00
These are all just choices for you in the buffet of options of ways to reduce your microplastic, nanoplastic ingestion and exposure and the bioaccumulation of those things over time.
01:27:08 Speaker_00
and to increase, in the case of things like sulforaphane and sweating, et cetera, and to increase the detoxification and removal of some of the more harmful products attached to or within these microplastics and nanoplastics, right?
01:27:20 Speaker_00
I certainly don't expect anyone, including myself, to start living a life free of microplastics and nanoplastics. To do that, you'd probably have to leave planet Earth.
01:27:29 Speaker_00
I know certain people are developing plans to enable us to do that, even if we're not astronauts.
01:27:33 Speaker_00
And frankly, when you get out to Mars or you get it into outer space, those microplastics and nanoplastics based on everything I've learned and how incredibly sneaky, small, and pervasive they are, well, they're probably in outer space as well.
01:27:47 Speaker_00
Now, the final thing I want to touch on is the potential role of microplastics, nanoplastics, BPAs, BPSs, and forever chemicals on the developing brain. And this is an area that
01:27:58 Speaker_00
I'm very familiar with because much of my career I've focused on brain development, neural development, and one can find a lot of papers out there about the potential neurotoxicity of micro and nanoplastics.
01:28:11 Speaker_00
Certainly the established neurotoxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics and animal models at the potential. neurotoxicity of those things in human tissues.
01:28:22 Speaker_00
Now, of course, because this animal literature and some correlative human literature have been out there for a while, the media and some people in particular have become concerned about and have mentioned the potential role of microplastics, nanoplastics.
01:28:37 Speaker_00
and the bad goodies that attach to them or come from them in potentially causing neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and ADHD. I want to be very clear. I went into this literature. I read this review. It's a quite nice review.
01:28:52 Speaker_00
The plastic brain neurotoxicity of micro and nanoplastics
01:28:56 Speaker_00
And sure, there's a lot of animal literature showing, for instance, that there's a disruption in certain enzymatic pathways within neurons, in particular, and this is the one that intrigues me the most, a disruption in what's called acetylcholine esterase.
01:29:10 Speaker_00
Acetylcholine is a neuromodulator involved in neuroplasticity, in attention, among other things, levels of alertness, a number of things, including control of the so-called neuromuscular junctions that allow for us to move our limbs,
01:29:25 Speaker_00
Acetylcholine esterase is involved in the degradation, the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse. So neurons release acetylcholine into the synapse where it can have an effect on muscle.
01:29:34 Speaker_00
or can have an effect on other neurons if we're talking about within the brain.
01:29:38 Speaker_00
And indeed, there's a fair amount of evidence showing that microplastics and nanoplastics are correlated with reductions in, or just changes in acetylcholine esterase activity.
01:29:48 Speaker_00
Now it is true that where acetylcholine is released in the brain, it can impinge on dopamine circuits that are involved in reward pathways and movement, but I want to be clear.
01:29:58 Speaker_00
People have taken some of those findings, translated them to the correlative data in humans, and have started to link the presence of microplastics and nanoplastics, in their words, not mine, in their words, to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and ADHD.
01:30:14 Speaker_00
And while there is some evidence that some of the behavioral components or cognitive components of autism and ADHD may increase in line with increases in microplastic or nanoplastic exposure. The data there are still in my opinion, very, very weak.
01:30:32 Speaker_00
So in my opinion, it's far too early to conclude that microplastics and nanoplastics have any role and certainly not a causal role. in the development of autism or ADHD or other neurodevelopmental disorders.
01:30:44 Speaker_00
That said, the presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in placenta and in that first stool from babies, which shows us that those microplastics and nanoplastics are getting into the developing fetus, well, that does
01:30:57 Speaker_00
I think raise level of concern and it certainly should motivate pregnant women as well as people who have newborn kids or going to have kids to look around their home environment, think about the things they're putting into their body or the vessels they're using to ingest liquids, to ingest foods and to start limiting microplastic and nanoplastic exposure certainly during, but also perhaps before pregnancy and after pregnancy when one is breastfeeding.
01:31:23 Speaker_00
So the point here is that we can't draw a direct relationship between microplastics and nanoplastics and neurodevelopmental disorders. I don't think it would be appropriate at all to do that.
01:31:32 Speaker_00
However, given that microplastics and nanoplastics have these issues, both from their own breakdown, their presence, right? Their own structural presence can be a problem. The chemicals within them can be a problem.
01:31:43 Speaker_00
The chemicals that attach to them can be a problem potentially. I think learning to limit our exposure throughout our lifespan
01:31:51 Speaker_00
learning to reduce the bioaccumulation through detoxification and excretion pathways using the various approaches that we talked about.
01:31:59 Speaker_00
And certainly to pay extra attention to those things around the time of, meaning before, during and after pregnancy is especially important because we just don't know all the things that these chemicals and these plastics are doing, but none of them seem to be very good, at least not in terms of the ways that they impact our brain and bodily tissues.
01:32:19 Speaker_00
Okay, so today we've talked a lot about microplastics, what they are, where they're found, how they get into our body, where they get lodged within our body, what they potentially do in our body, none of which is good.
01:32:32 Speaker_00
Some might be innocuous, some might be bad, none of which, at least as far as I know, is good.
01:32:38 Speaker_00
and some ways both through some to dos and some to avoids that we can increase our excretion or our breakdown and removal of the bad stuff on and in microplastics and nanoplastics.
01:32:53 Speaker_00
And I realized that even though we covered a lot of things, we also just scratched the surface. For instance, we know that receipts are rich sources of BPAs, okay?
01:33:05 Speaker_00
So if you are somebody who handles receipts a lot for your job, probably best to use nitrile gloves, okay? Not latex gloves, but nitrile gloves. Those are going to protect your hands.
01:33:16 Speaker_00
If you're somebody who purchases things, maybe just say, no thanks, I'll take the electronic receipt or no receipt, okay? However, we need to be reasonable here as well.
01:33:25 Speaker_00
Does this mean that if you touch a receipt that you're going to screw up your testosterone or estrogen? No, but you probably don't want to be rubbing those receipts.
01:33:31 Speaker_00
And it's very clear that if you use sunscreen or lotions of any kind on your hands, you handle receipts, it can increase the access of those BPAs to your bloodstream.
01:33:40 Speaker_00
And if you're somebody who handles receipts a lot, well, then probably best to use those nitrile gloves. The point here is that there are a lot of different sources of these BPAs, BPSs, PFAS. so-called forever chemicals, microplastics, nanoplastics.
01:33:53 Speaker_00
I also would just encourage you to do your research. Look at the cans that you drink from. Ensure that they don't include BPAs. Look at the different things that you cook with in your kitchen. Try and cook from cast iron or ceramic.
01:34:03 Speaker_00
And if you don't, look at the other pans and cans and things in your environment and see what your likely exposure to these BPAs, BPSs and forever chemicals is. and make choices accordingly.
01:34:14 Speaker_00
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01:34:23 Speaker_00
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