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Episode: Legends 40: Skin & Bones
Author: Aaron Mahnke
Duration: 00:32:57
Episode Shownotes
The world around us shapes the stories we tell, even in the harshest conditions. So it’s no wonder these legends from Greenland have the power to give us chills. Narrated and produced by Aaron Mahnke, with writing by Alex Robinson, and research by Jamie Vargas. ————————— Sponsors: Quince: Premium European
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Full Transcript
00:00:00 Speaker_00
Hey folks, Aaron here. Two quick things to nudge your way before we dive into today's episode. First, the lore tour has officially kicked off.
00:00:09 Speaker_00
Chad and I had a blast in Boston at Newark last week, sharing lore stories from stage for big crowds who love history and spooky tales.
00:00:17 Speaker_00
We have four more shows this month in November here, with Minneapolis on the 14th and Milwaukee on the 15th, and then San Francisco on the 21st and Seattle on the 22nd.
00:00:27 Speaker_00
We would love to see you on the road, so if you haven't yet, grab your lore tickets over at lorepodcast.com slash live.
00:00:35 Speaker_00
I'll also be in Cambridge, Massachusetts tonight at Porter's Square Books and in Naperville, Illinois on the 16th at Anderson's Bookstore.
00:00:43 Speaker_00
Both of those events are part of the Cabinet of Curiosity's book launch, and you can find information and links over at AaronManke.com and click on the appearances menu.
00:00:52 Speaker_00
The book, by the way, will be released tomorrow, November 12th, and pre-orders are super important to the success of the book, but we'll also have hardcover copies at those live lore shows that I mentioned a moment ago. And that's it, folks.
00:01:05 Speaker_00
Lore is on tour this month with tickets at lorepodcast.com slash live, and the Cabinet of Curiosities book arrives tomorrow with details over at grimandmild.com slash curiosities. And now, on with the show. Ludvig was getting desperate.
00:01:33 Speaker_00
He had been leading a Danish expedition across Greenland on dogsleds for well over a year now, and at this point they were running low on provisions.
00:01:42 Speaker_00
The entire purpose of their trip had been to map out as much of northeast Greenland's icy landscape as they could, but they had hit a lot of roadblocks.
00:01:51 Speaker_00
The few existing maps of Greenland had been inaccurate and had led them astray more than once, costing them precious time. Most of the expedition's men had already gone back to the ship months before.
00:02:04 Speaker_00
The only ones left out in the wilderness were Ludwig and his two associates, Niels and Jürgen, and it wasn't looking good for them. The year was 1907, so there were no helicopters or airplanes to fly out and rescue them.
00:02:18 Speaker_00
The three men were on their own, in one of the most desolate places in the entire world. And, at first, that hadn't worried Ludwig.
00:02:26 Speaker_00
His plan had been to get his team across the ice, hunt for more food in the process, and eventually get back to the rest of the group.
00:02:33 Speaker_00
But now, unexpectedly mild weather had melted the ice they were supposed to cross on, covering their route back to civilization with freezing water.
00:02:41 Speaker_00
And instead of riding sleds across ice and snow, they were forced to travel on foot over sharp rocks, wearing away their footwear.
00:02:49 Speaker_00
And to make matters worse, by the time they left their sled behind on October 19th of 1907, the sun was disappearing until springtime, leaving the explorers in the dark. Slowly, one by one, each of the men died.
00:03:04 Speaker_00
Niels was first, dying of cold and exhaustion. He was soon followed by Ludwig. Jorgen made it the furthest, but eventually he too succumbed, with all their cartography sketches and notes still in his pocket.
00:03:16 Speaker_00
His body wasn't recovered for another six months. Niels and Ludwig were never found. Greenland boasts one of the harshest environments on the planet, and its winters have killed thousands of people over the centuries.
00:03:30 Speaker_00
But as terrifying as that might sound, the ice and snow there aren't the only things that we should be afraid of. Because in Greenland, if the climate doesn't get you, the monsters will. I'm Aaron Mankey, and this is Lore Legends.
00:04:01 Speaker_00
In case you didn't already know, Greenland isn't actually very green.
00:04:05 Speaker_00
Near the coast, Greenland is slightly more temperate, but the rest of the island remains below freezing all throughout the year, enduring some of the most extreme Arctic conditions on Earth.
00:04:15 Speaker_00
In fact, a continental glacier covers about 80% of Greenland's landmass, one of only two continental glaciers in the entire world. So naturally, the majority of the population sticks close to the coast, where it isn't coated in ice all year.
00:04:30 Speaker_00
Life there is hard, and unsurprisingly Greenland has been abandoned by its residents time and time again.
00:04:37 Speaker_00
We know of at least four distinct cultures that settled Greenland throughout the past, from early Paleo-Inuit, to Norsemen, to Paleo-Inuit called the Dorset, to the ancestors of today's inhabitants, the Proto-Inuit Tula.
00:04:50 Speaker_00
The Tula made their way there in the 14th century, quickly adapting to the harsh climate and putting down roots. Then the Danish started colonizing Greenland in the 18th century, bringing Christianity with them.
00:05:02 Speaker_00
And even though Christianity is the country's main religion today, Greenland's culture, and their folklore, are still largely inspired by Inuit beliefs.
00:05:12 Speaker_00
Before Christianity came to Greenland's shores, there was no real pantheon of deities that the Tula believed in. But that doesn't mean that their country was devoid of spirits who demanded respect.
00:05:22 Speaker_00
On the contrary, its icy mountains were teeming with the supernatural, and they were absolutely full of monsters. Everything in Greenland was about survival, and their monster stories were no different.
00:05:35 Speaker_00
No two settlements had the same versions of the same story, and sometimes they didn't even have the same monsters.
00:05:42 Speaker_00
But no matter what, their folklore served as a guideline, or more often than not, as a warning about how to behave so that you could both survive the arctic climate and ensure the survival of your entire community.
00:05:55 Speaker_00
And if you compromise the safety and strength of your community, then you could become the monster. Literally. If someone committed a crime or did something that put a village at risk, then they would be booted out.
00:06:08 Speaker_00
Sometimes people left on their own accord, maybe because they felt shame about some sins they committed, or because they knew their family would have a better chance of survival without them.
00:06:17 Speaker_00
It was more common for women to leave home on their own than it was for men, especially whenever they were wrestling with grief over unrequited love or infertility.
00:06:27 Speaker_00
But whatever the reason, whenever someone left the community out of shame or anger, they became a kvittag. Translating to mountain men or mountain wanderer, the Kvitok does exactly what you would expect. They wander around the mountains.
00:06:42 Speaker_00
The Kvitok would get as far into the wilderness as they could, find a cave to live in, and hunt wild game while they waited for death to take them. Because no one could survive Greenland alone. Their exile was little more than a death sentence.
00:06:56 Speaker_00
And they knew it. But for the Kvitok, death was not the end. You see, according to legend, banishment did something to the Kvitok's soul. Their fury twisted and dehumanized them. And with that, they had the power to become something else.
00:07:12 Speaker_00
For their transformation, the Kvitok had to spend five days freezing to death. Then they had to bleed exactly three drops of blood onto the fresh white snow.
00:07:21 Speaker_00
Many think that this particular step was added after Christianity came to Greenland as the three drops of blood are thought to represent rebuking the trinity and accepting powers from the devil.
00:07:32 Speaker_00
Because yes, after this ritual, the Kvitok gained remarkable abilities. They became immortal, existing as something between a ghost and a supernatural being. Cold and hunger could never kill them. They could also fly.
00:07:46 Speaker_00
And some stories say that they could breathe fire. They could even talk to animals. According to legend, the first animal they ate after being reborn would determine what their voice sounded like.
00:07:57 Speaker_00
One story claimed that a man met a Kvittak who could only call like a raven because a raven was his first meal. Now, accounts on what these creatures looked like differ. Some say that they wore fox skins and boots made of twigs and leather.
00:08:10 Speaker_00
Others say that their bodies themselves grew fur, as though they had become wild animals themselves. Some say that they have red eyes, white hair, and dark skin.
00:08:20 Speaker_00
And if the Kvittak was a woman, then it was believed that she became half-woman and half-polar bear. But the red eyes and wild fur did not mean that these creatures were automatically evil.
00:08:31 Speaker_00
In fact, some were benevolent, leading lost travelers back to civilization. That said, the more malevolent of their kind were known to murder hunters, and sometimes they even got revenge on the people back in their villages who drove them away.
00:08:44 Speaker_00
Greenlandic folklorist Maria Krutsman tells the story of a Kvitak who left his village after his aunt disapproved of the woman he loved. Furious, he abandoned his family and his lover to become a Kvitak.
00:08:57 Speaker_00
Sometimes when the women of the village were out picking berries, they could hear him singing, because they couldn't see him.
00:09:03 Speaker_00
And this went on until one day finally, the women heard him sing that he would now marry a mythical Greenlandic creature that was half woman, half dog.
00:09:11 Speaker_00
Since he had not been allowed to marry the woman he had loved, then he said that his aunt would just have to be content with her new family member, supernatural or not. His family was devastated, but it was too late. They never heard his voice again.
00:09:27 Speaker_00
Like so many other Kvittak before him, it had been lost forever. The rule was simple. If you laugh, you die. The creature known as the Erlaversenjak is easily one of the most disturbing mythical beings in Greenland, if not the entire world.
00:10:01 Speaker_00
Able to appear as either a beautiful young woman or a hideous old crone, she seems harmless enough, but that couldn't be further from the truth. The Urlaversenjak, you see, likes to try to make people laugh.
00:10:13 Speaker_00
She clowns around, beating on a drum and acting a fool until her target giggles. It doesn't even have to be a full laugh. If she sees even the barest hint of a smile, she pounces.
00:10:24 Speaker_00
Before they can get away, she cuts her victims with a type of knife that was used by Inuit for cutting through whale blubber. But the Erluverr syniac uses her knife to cut into her victims bellies, taking their organs.
00:10:36 Speaker_00
And then she cooks the intestines and eats them. The only way to stop her from running away with your guts is to eat them before she can, pulling them all back into your stomach before they can disappear forever.
00:10:49 Speaker_00
Fortunately, most of us probably won't ever run the risk of having our organs stolen by this creature. Unlike many of Greenland's other monsters, she doesn't live on the glacier or in the ocean. Instead, she lives just west of the moon.
00:11:02 Speaker_00
But even though she's up in the sky, Greenland still has plenty of stories about people running into her. One folktale tells the story of a husband and wife who offended the moon deity Aninga'ak.
00:11:13 Speaker_00
But when Aninga'ak showed up at their home to confront them, they escaped punishment. The husband defeated the god in a wrestling match, and instead of being angry, the god was impressed.
00:11:23 Speaker_00
So, as a reward, Aningaak invited the husband to visit his home on the moon. He stressed that it was very important that the husband turn right, but the husband got lost and he turned left past the moon instead.
00:11:35 Speaker_00
And that is when he ran into the Erlaversenyaak. As soon as she caught sight of him, she started a silly little dance. Her movements were absurd and soon enough the husband gave in and smiled. It was the wrong thing to do.
00:11:47 Speaker_00
As soon as his mouth curved upward, she leapt upon him, cutting out his lungs. Fortunately, the husband was able to flee, snatching his lungs back and eating them as he ran.
00:11:58 Speaker_00
Another legend tells of a woman who lived in fear of being beaten by her abusive husband. Eventually, she just couldn't take it anymore. She went out into the night calling, Moon, up there! Come and get me!
00:12:10 Speaker_00
And this might seem like an odd thing to do, but it worked. A man with a dog sled suddenly appeared. He was there to take her up to the moon. And the woman, desperate to escape her terrible home, climbed into the sled.
00:12:23 Speaker_00
When they finally arrived on the moon, she saw a host of mythical creatures hanging about. The man who had given her a ride pointed to a window lit warmly from the inside. Peering through the glass, she saw a feast of seal and caribou meat laid out.
00:12:38 Speaker_00
The man told her to go inside. This is where she would sleep for the night. Before she went in, though, the man stopped her. He told her, do not laugh. There's a person in there who will try to make you laugh, but you cannot let yourself.
00:12:52 Speaker_00
We don't know what the woman thought of these unusual instructions, but soon enough she would learn why he had given them to her. When she entered the dwelling, she saw that two other humans were already seated inside.
00:13:04 Speaker_00
She greeted them, but they said nothing in response. They just hugged their knees to their chests, where she saw that their innards had been ripped out. Her face must have given away her horror.
00:13:15 Speaker_00
They told her, it is because we snickered that we are this way. Soon after this disturbing revelation, a giant knife and a huge pot were both brought into the room.
00:13:25 Speaker_00
The pot was full of human entrails, and an old woman with stumpy arms and legs soon followed after. She began to work over the cauldron, cooking the organs over a fire. But then she noticed the new woman in the room, and she began to dance.
00:13:41 Speaker_00
The dance was completely preposterous, and the new woman, well, she just wasn't strong enough to resist. She giggled, and the Erlaversiniak lunged at her. Thankfully, it didn't catch her.
00:13:53 Speaker_00
She moved too quickly, dodging the knife and running out the door. We don't know where she went after that, only that the Erlaversiniak didn't manage to kill her.
00:14:03 Speaker_00
And I think it's safe to say that both monsters, the Kvitok and the Erlaversiniak, served as warnings to people.
00:14:10 Speaker_00
The Kvitok was a warning not to risk the safety of your community, while the Erlaversenjak was a warning not to trust strangers out on the ice sheet. Travelers in Greenland were, of course, vulnerable.
00:14:21 Speaker_00
Between the freezing temperatures, the vast wilderness, and their limited supplies, sojourners could find themselves in a life-or-death situation more quickly than you could believe.
00:14:31 Speaker_00
Whether it was a simple hunting trip, or a journey between villages, things could go south in an instant. And when that happened, they could get desperate. Desperate enough to accept the help of a stranger.
00:14:43 Speaker_00
But the Heir Leverseniak reminds us, not all strangers have good intentions, and not everything you see in the wild can be trusted.
00:14:51 Speaker_00
So, if you find yourself in a tight spot one day, and a woman offers you a hot meal from a bubbling cauldron, whatever you do, do not laugh. He hadn't meant to kill his brother. The day had started out peacefully enough.
00:15:19 Speaker_00
Nkungwasik, eager to take advantage of the beautiful weather, had taken his kayak out. Pedaling out into the water, he had decided to visit a large island that he had never visited before.
00:15:30 Speaker_00
But upon his arrival, he saw one of his brothers was already there. His brother was crouched down in a hollow with his back to Nkungwosik. Before he could call out a greeting, he heard his brother whispering, You are to bite Nkungwosik to death.
00:15:44 Speaker_00
And he repeated this over and over again. Dredd watched over him. He knew what his brother was doing. He was making a Tupelok. And he was telling the creature to kill Nekungwuzik. But let's step back for a moment.
00:15:58 Speaker_00
Being hunted by a Tupelok was a horrifying prospect. These monsters were not born. Instead, they were made. And more often than not, they were made to do terrible, evil things. Traditionally, the tupalak was formed by the local shaman.
00:16:12 Speaker_00
And to do so, the shaman had to follow a very specific process. First, they had to gather specific pieces and parts from dead animals and from human corpses. This could include anything from bones to hairs to antlers.
00:16:25 Speaker_00
The bodies of dead newborn babies were particularly desirable. Then, these pieces and parts were placed under some moss near a river.
00:16:33 Speaker_00
At dawn, the shaman would return to do the necessary spell work and rituals to knit the cadaver parts together and bring the Tupelok to life.
00:16:42 Speaker_00
After it awoke, the monster would feed to grow stronger, and then once it was ready, it would embark on its nefarious mission.
00:16:50 Speaker_00
Tupalak all look different from one another, often taking on a mishmash of physical qualities based on the creatures they were constructed out of. A sort of hybrid corpse, if you will. Thin, skeletal, and bloodthirsty.
00:17:02 Speaker_00
And while some other Inuit cultures around the world believed the Tupalak were invisible souls, most Greenlanders believed that they were very visible, and very much part of the physical world. And they were all made for one purpose. To kill.
00:17:16 Speaker_00
You see, a Tupeloc was created to carry out a shaman's vengeance against their enemies. In fact, they were often referred to as Avengers, but don't mistake them for superheroes. No, they were the furthest thing from it.
00:17:29 Speaker_00
Every Tupeloc had special abilities to help it succeed in its task, and each one's powers were different from the other. Which meant that their methods for killing varied.
00:17:38 Speaker_00
Some would attack like a wild animal, biting and ripping their victim to pieces. And while I won't get into the details here, others took it further and crossed some pretty horrible lines.
00:17:48 Speaker_00
And the trouble was, there wasn't anything that you could do to stop a Tupelok attack. Unless that is, you were a shaman. Powerful shaman could send a Tupelok back to its creator, and then the Tupelok may kill their master instead.
00:18:02 Speaker_00
But if you weren't a shaman yourself, then it was almost impossible to survive a Tupeloc attack. Which brings us back to Nkungwisik. Remember him, the man who discovered that his brother was going to send a Tupeloc after him?
00:18:15 Speaker_00
Well, it turns out that he found a rather inelegant solution for the whole situation. After hearing his brother tell his handmade monster to kill him, Nkungwosik didn't stop to think. He just acted.
00:18:27 Speaker_00
He hit his brother across the back of the head, trying to knock him out. But the blow did far worse. It killed him. That single act shocked all the courage out of Nikungusic, leaving him with none left to face the Tupalak itself, and so he ran.
00:18:44 Speaker_00
The next day, he and his other brothers went searching for their missing sibling. He didn't tell them what he knew, though. Even if his brother had been planning on killing him, admitting to murder wouldn't have gone over too well.
00:18:55 Speaker_00
So he stayed silent until they found his brother's corpse and the Tupalak. The creature was still alive, and it was nibbling at the dead brother's body. Enraged, the brothers buried the creature under a heap of stones.
00:19:09 Speaker_00
He was gone, and Nkungwasik emerged from the ordeal as one of the very few people to have ever survived a Tupalak. One of the primary causes of human evolution over the millennia has been climate.
00:19:37 Speaker_00
Moving from one region of the globe to another always forced our ancestors to shift slightly, to become better suited to the world they lived in. And it's easy to see solid examples of that adaptation in Greenland.
00:19:50 Speaker_00
But people aren't the only thing to change over time. Story evolves as well, and that's even true of the Tupeloc. It may have started out as the most feared monster in Greenland, but the reputation has changed since then.
00:20:03 Speaker_00
Greenland was isolated for thousands of years, but during the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans started to explore the island. And once they started learning about the Tula culture, they developed a fascination with the Tupeloc.
00:20:16 Speaker_00
And remember, these were organic creations, a sort of Frankenstein's monster crafted out of body parts from both humans and animals, which meant that they decayed and disappeared over time.
00:20:27 Speaker_00
So, with no physical examples of Tupeloc to show Europeans, the locals found a new solution. Residents of East Greenland started carving little statues to represent the Tupelok, and others eventually followed in their stead.
00:20:40 Speaker_00
The carvings were all unique from each other, each one sporting different physical attributes from both animals and people. Even so, they all shared a few similar features, too. Large nostrils, rounded eyes, small pupils, and tongues sticking out.
00:20:56 Speaker_00
Unlike their folkloric counterparts, they looked more mischievous than menacing. The European explorers were delighted by these little carvings, and they bought them all.
00:21:05 Speaker_00
So Greenland's residents made more and more of them, and those were purchased as well. And over time, the tupelok became the first mass-produced Greenlandic merchandise.
00:21:15 Speaker_00
Since the 20th century, they have been the cornerstone of Greenland's tourism, souvenir industry. And little by little, the public perception of the Tupelok changed. Today, these carvings are seen as protective charms.
00:21:28 Speaker_00
Their power as avenging monsters has been neutralized, and the little statues serve as guardians instead. And they're not just big within the tourism industry. They've even become popular housewarming gifts as well, evolving from monstrous to harmless.
00:21:43 Speaker_00
At least the handheld carved variety, that is. But the stories still exist. And in folklore, the Tupelac still roams across the ice sheet, searching for retribution. It's always fascinating to see how the environment shapes the stories we tell.
00:22:10 Speaker_00
I hope that today's journey onto the icy slopes of Greenland have helped you see how adaptable folklore can be, and how chilling as well.
00:22:19 Speaker_00
But in case our exploration into the Arctic hasn't made you cold enough, we have one more bone-chilling monster to tell you about. Stick around through this brief sponsor break to hear all about it. This episode of Lore was made possible by Quince.
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00:27:04 Speaker_00
What do you do when you can't trust your own eyes? Traveling through extreme temperatures can do funny things to your vision. In a desert, you might see a mirage of an oasis.
00:27:14 Speaker_00
And in Greenland, you might see a mirage of the phantom island Fata Morgana Land. Sometimes Greenland's harsh summer sun can bounce off the ocean in the exact right way, and it can create the illusion of an island floating in the waves.
00:27:28 Speaker_00
It looks as though it isn't too far away. It's just on the horizon. If you sail for a few more minutes, then you'll reach it. But nobody ever does. Because it's not real. Fata Morgana Land isn't the only mirage in Greenland.
00:27:42 Speaker_00
In fact, illusions along the horizon aren't uncommon in extreme polar regions. Travelers have frequently reported mountains or forests looking much nearer than they actually are. They keep getting bigger, but they never get any closer.
00:27:55 Speaker_00
And if I'm honest, it would be easy to just blame this on a trick of the light. But some people blame it on something else. The ejirat. The Ijirat are malicious creatures that wander the wilderness of Greenland and trick lone travelers.
00:28:09 Speaker_00
They lead them astray with illusions, turning them around so terribly that they become hopelessly lost. And the more lost and panicked they become, the easier it is for the Ijirat to kidnap them.
00:28:20 Speaker_00
This monster doesn't just manipulate the appearance of the outside world. The Ijirat is itself an illusion.
00:28:27 Speaker_00
Shamans who have seen them in their natural state say that they resemble humans whose mouths and eyes are on their sides, so that they blink sideways. But very few have seen this version. Most say that they take the form of some kind of hybrid caribou,
00:28:41 Speaker_00
half-man, half-animal. Others say that they look like normal caribou, whose antlers are just a little... off. And they aren't limited to four hooves. A jirat can shapeshift into any other animal, be it a bear, a bird, or a wolf.
00:28:55 Speaker_00
But no matter what form they take, nothing can disguise their bright red eyes. But according to legend, the Ijirat weren't always monsters. In fact, at one point, they were people.
00:29:05 Speaker_00
According to stories, the Ijirat were born when a group of Inuit hunters traveled too far north. They got trapped there, stuck between the world of the dead and the world of the living. And now, they try to make people as lost as they once were.
00:29:19 Speaker_00
When one of these creatures chooses a target, it lures them in by singing. And once that person disappears, it is very rare for them to live to tell the tale. The few who survive their encounters remember nothing, except for the beautiful song.
00:29:33 Speaker_00
Several of the stories from those who have once witnessed an Ajiraq feeding claim that it did so in the form of a polar bear. There are multiple stories about parents who leave their children back at camp while they go hunting.
00:29:44 Speaker_00
An ajeerot leads them astray, and they wander around the wilderness just long enough for the ajeerot to become a polar bear and eat their children.
00:29:52 Speaker_00
And before you file these away as ancient legends from the deep past, some of these stories aren't old, nor are they limited to Greenland.
00:30:00 Speaker_00
In 2017, an article related a story from a Canadian Nunavut elder named Peter Suvaksiak, who said, I used to work with wildlife officers. When we were dealing with caribou, we would go out by helicopter and put collars on them.
00:30:13 Speaker_00
The door of the helicopter would be removed and we would tranquilize them. There were four caribou. One was netted. When the helicopter landed, the wildlife officer and I went to the caribou and released it. After this caribou disappeared, I was afraid.
00:30:27 Speaker_00
There were no footprints at all. They say that caribou can become ejirat. The caribou just disappeared. And I think it's important to remember that Inuit folklore is living folklore, particularly in Greenland.
00:30:40 Speaker_00
Some locals believe in the existence of monsters, and they add their own experiences to the already existing compendium of folktales.
00:30:48 Speaker_00
Of course, scientists have tried to explain away monsters like the Ijirat, saying that pockets of sour gas could have caused hallucinations.
00:30:56 Speaker_00
Other naysayers have claimed that it might be easier to explain the unexpected death of a child by blaming it on monsters. But these suggestions have been deeply offensive to Inuit, who wish for their folklore and their beliefs to be respected.
00:31:10 Speaker_00
What is or is not truly monstrous is not up for us to decide. The safest bet is to travel safely, stay aware, and never trust your eyes.
00:31:36 Speaker_00
This episode of Lore Legends was produced by me, Aaron Mankey, with writing by Alex Robinson and research by Jamie Vargas. Real talk for a second here, folks. I know that ads are annoying. But I do have a solution for you.
00:31:49 Speaker_00
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00:31:58 Speaker_00
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00:32:09 Speaker_00
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00:32:23 Speaker_00
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